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Baghdad Jewish Arabic (Arabic:عربية يهودية بغدادية,עַרָבִיָּה יְהוּדִיַּה בַּגדָאדִיַּה) orautonymhaki mal yihud (Jewish Speech) orel-haki malna (our speech)^[1] is thevariety of Arabic spoken by the Jews ofBaghdad and other towns ofLower Mesopotamia inIraq. This dialect differs from theNorth Mesopotamian Arabic spoken by Jews inUpper Mesopotamian cities such asMosul andAnah. Baghdadi and Northern Mesopotamian are subvarieties ofJudeo-Iraqi Arabic.

As with mostJudeo-Arabic communities, there are likely to be few, if any, speakers of the Judeo-Iraqi Arabic dialects who still reside within Iraq. Rather these dialects have been maintained or are facing critical endangerment within respective Judeo-Iraqi diasporas, namely those ofIsrael and theUnited States. In 2014, the filmFarewell Baghdad (Arabic:مطير الحمام;Hebrew:מפריח היונים,lit. 'The Dove Flyer'), which is performed mostly in Jewish Baghdadi Arabic dialect, became the first film to be almost completely performed in Judeo-Iraqi Arabic.

Baghdad Jewish Arabic (and Baghdadi Christian Arabic) resembleNorth Mesopotamian Arabic, and more distantlySyrian Arabic, rather than theBaghdadi Arabic spoken by Baghdadi Muslims. Muslims speak agilit dialect (from their pronunciation of the Arabic word for "I said") while the others areqeltu dialects. Another resemblance between Baghdad Jewish Arabic and North Mesopotamian Arabic is the pronunciation ofra as auvular. This peculiarity goes back centuries: in medieval Iraqi Judaeo-Arabic manuscripts the lettersra andghayn are frequently interchanged.^[2]

It is thought that theqeltu dialects represent the older Arabic dialect of Mesopotamia while thegilit dialect is ofBedouin origin. Another factor may be the northern origins of the Jewish community of Baghdad after 1258 (see below underHistory).

Like Northern Mesopotamian and Syrian Arabic, Jewish Baghdadi Arabic shows some signs of anAramaic substrate. Violette Shamosh^[3] records that, at thePassover Seder, she could understand some of the passages in Aramaic but none of the passages in Hebrew.

TheMongol invasion wiped out most of the inhabitants of Mesopotamia. Later, the original qeltu Baghdadi dialect became extinct as a result of massive Bedouin immigrations to Lower Mesopotamia and was replaced by the Bedouin influencedgilit dialect. The Jews of Baghdad are a largely indigenous population and they also preserve the pre-Mongol invasion dialect of Baghdad in its Jewish form, which is similar but a bit different from the general pre-Mongol Baghdadi dialect due to the linguistic influences of Hebrew and Judeo-Babylonian Aramaic, instead of the general Babylonian Aramaic that existed before the Islamic invasion.

As with other respective religious and ethnic communities coexisting in Baghdad, the Jewish community had spoken as well as written almost exclusively in their distinctive dialect, largely drawing their linguistic influences fromHebrew andJudeo-Aramaic languages as well as from languages such asSumerian,Akkadian,Persian, andTurkic. Simultaneous fluency and literacy in the Arabic used by the dominant Muslim communities had also been commonplace.

With waves of persecution and thus emigration, the dialect has been carried to and until recently used within respective Judeo-Iraqi diaspora communities, spanningBombay,Calcutta,Singapore,Hong Kong,Manchester and numerous other international urban hubs. After the mass emigration of Jews from Iraq toIsrael between the 1940s and 1960s, Israel came to hold the single largest linguistic community of Judeo-Iraqi Arabic speakers. With successive generations being born and raised in Israel, it is mainly the older people who still actively or passively speak Judeo-Baghdadi and other forms of Judeo-Iraqi Arabic. Israelis of Iraqi descent in turn are largely unilingualModern Hebrew speakers.

The Jews of Baghdad also have a writtenJudeo-Arabic that differs from the spoken language and usesHebrew characters.^[4] There is a sizeable published religious literature in the language, including severalBible translations and theQanūn an-nisā' (قانون النساء) of thehakhamYosef Hayyim.

The following method of describing the letters of theHebrew alphabet was used by teachers in Baghdad until quite recently:^[5]

JB is relatively conservative in preservingClassical Arabic phonemes. Classical Arabic/q/ has remained as a uvular (or post-velar) stop,^[a] like Christian Baghdad Arabic, but unlike in Muslim Baghdad Arabic where it is pronounced as[ɡ]./k/ is retained as[k], like in Christian Baghdadi, but unlike the Muslim dialect where it is sometimes[tʃ]. Classical Arabic interdental/ð,θ,ðˠ/ are preserved, like in Muslim Baghdadi Arabic (Christian Baghdadi Arabic merges them into/d,t,dˤ/)./dˤ/ has merged into/ðˠ/.^[7]

There are a few rare minimal pairs with/lˠ,bˠ/ (e.g.wáḷḷa 'by God! (an oath)' vs.wálla 'he went away',ḅāḅa 'father, dad' vs.bāba 'her door'). In other words, there are velarized segments which cannot be demonstrated to be phonemic, but which cannot be substituted, e.g.ṃāṃa 'mother, mummy'.^[8] There is a certain degree of velarization harmony.

/r/ is one of the primary distinguishing features of Jewish (as opposed to Muslim, but not Christian) Baghdadi Arabic. Older Arabic/r/ has shifted to/ɣ/ (as in Christian, but not Muslim, Baghdadi Arabic). However/r/ has been re-introduced in non-Arabic loans (e.g.brāxa 'blessing' <Heb. ברכה,qūri 'teapot' <Pers.qūrī). Modern loan words from otherArabic dialects also have this sound; this sometimes leads to cases where the same word may have two forms depending on context, e.g.ʿáskaġ 'army' vs.ḥākəm ʿáskari 'martial law'. There are many instances where this alternation leads to a subtle change in meaning, e.g.faġġ 'he poured, served food' vs.farr 'he threw'.^[9]

The consonants/p,ɡ,tʃ/ were originally of foreign origin, but have pervaded the language to the extent that native speakers do not perceive or even realize their non-native origin.^[10]

Stress is usually on the ultimate or penultimate syllable, but sometimes on the antipenultimate (mostly in loans or compound words).^[12]

• Baghdadi Arabic
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• History of the Jews in Iraq

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• Baghdadi Jewish Arabic-Hebrew dictionaryArchived 2020-02-02 at theWayback Machine (In Hebrew)

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