Christ lag in Todes Banden
BWV 4
Chorale cantata byJ. S. Bach
Soprano part from opening chorus with text in Bach's own hand,St. Thomas Church, Leipzig, 1724/1725
Key	E minor
Occasion	First Day ofEaster
Chorale	"Christ lag in Todes Banden" byMartin Luther
Performed	24 April 1707 (1707-04-24)[1]
Published	1851 (1851)
Duration	About 20 minutes
Movements	8
Vocal	SATB
Instrumental	Cornetto 3 trombones 2 violins 2 violas continuo

Christ lag in Todes Banden (also spelledTodesbanden;^[a] "Christ lay in death's bonds"^[2] or "Christ lay in the snares of death"),^[3]BWV 4, is acantata for Easter by German composerJohann Sebastian Bach, one of his earliestchurch cantatas. It is agreed to be an early work partly for stylistic reasons and partly because there is evidence that it was probably written for a performance in 1707. Bach went on to complete many other works in the same genre, contributing complete cantata cycles for all occasions of theliturgical year.John Eliot Gardiner described it as Bach's "first-known attempt at painting narrative in music".^[4]

Christ lag in Todes Banden is achorale cantata, a style in which both text and music are based on ahymn. In this instance, the source wasMartin Luther'shymn of the same name, the main hymn forEaster in the Lutheran church. The composition is based on the seven stanzas of the hymn and its tune, which was derived from Medieval models. Bach used the unchanged words of a stanza of thechorale in each of the seven vocal movements, in the format of chorale variationsper omnes versus (for all stanzas), and he used its tune as acantus firmus. After an openingsinfonia, the variations are arranged symmetrically: chorus–duet–solo–chorus–solo–duet–chorus, with the focus on the central fourth stanza about the battle between Life and Death. All movements are inE minor, and Bach achieves variety and intensifies the meaning of the text through many musical forms and techniques.

Christ lag in Todes Banden is Bach's first cantata for Easter – in fact, his only extant original composition for the first day of the feast – and his earliest surviving chorale cantata. It was related to his application for a post at aLutheran church atMühlhausen. He later twice performed it asThomaskantor inLeipzig, beginning in 1724 when he first celebrated Easter there. Only this second version survives. It is scored for four vocal parts and aBaroque instrumental ensemble with two components, an instrumental "choir" ofcornetto and three trombones doubling the choral voices (only in the 2nd Leipzig performance in 1725 were these used), and astring section of two violins, two violas, and continuo. While this scoring reflects the resources at Bach's disposal (the cornetto and brass players would have been available because of the city band tradition in Leipzig),^[5] it was old-fashioned and exemplifies a 17th-centuryChoralkonzert (chorale concerto) style; the lost scoring of the earlier performances was perhaps similar.

Gardiner calls Bach's setting of Luther's hymn "a bold, innovative piece of musical drama", and observes "his total identification with the spirit and letter of Luther's fiery, dramatic hymn".^[4]

Bach is believed to have writtenChrist lag in Todes Banden in 1707. He was a professional organist aged 22, employed from 1703 inArnstadt as the organist of the New Church (which replaced the burned Bonifatiuskirche, and is today known as theBach Church).^[6] At age 18, he had inspected the new organ built byJohann Friedrich Wender, was invited to play one Sunday, and was hired. The organ was built on the third tier of a theatre-like church.^[6] Bach's duties as a church musician involved some responsibility for choral music, but the exact year he began composing cantatas is unknown.Christ lag in Todes Banden is one of a small group of cantatas that survive from his early years.^[7] According to the musicologistMartin Geck, many details of the score reflect "organistic practice".^[8]

In Arnstadt, theKantor (church musician) Heindorff was responsible for church music in theUpper Church and the New Church where Bach was the organist. He typically conducted music in the Upper Church and would appoint a choir prefect for vocal music in the New Church. MusicologistChristoph Wolff notes that "subjecting his works to the questionable leadership of a prefect"^[7] was not what Bach would have done. Therefore, most cantatas of the period are not for Sunday occasions, but restricted to special occasions such as weddings and funerals.Christ lag in Todes Banden is the only exception, but was most likely composed not for Arnstadt but for an application to a more important post at the church ofDivi Blasii inMühlhausen.^[9]

Bach's early cantatas areChoralkonzerte (chorale concertos) in the style of the 17th century, different from therecitative and aria cantata format associated withNeumeister that Bach started to use for church cantatas in 1714.^[11] Wolff points out the relation of Bach's early cantatas to works byDieterich Buxtehude, with whom Bach had studied inLübeck.^[7]Christ lag in Todes Banden shows similarities to a composition ofJohann Pachelbel based on the same Easter chorale.^[11] Although there is no evidence that Bach and Pachelbel met, Bach grew up inThuringia while Pachelbel was based in the same region, and Bach's elder brother and teacherJohann Christoph Bach studied with Pachelbel inErfurt.^[12] Another of Pachelbel's works appears to be referenced in the early Bach cantata,Nach dir, Herr, verlanget mich, BWV 150, and there has been recent speculation that Bach wanted to pay tribute to Pachelbel after his death in 1706.^[13]

The texts for Bach's early cantatas were drawn mostly from Biblical passages and hymns.^[14] Features characteristic of his later cantatas, such as recitatives andarias on contemporary poetry, were not yet present,^[15] although Bach may have heard them inoratorios by Buxtehude, or even earlier.^[14] Instead, these early cantatas include 17th-century elements such asmotets and chorale concertos.^[16][17] They often begin with an instrumentalsinfonia or sonata (sonatina).^[14] The following table lists the seven extant works composed by Bach until 1708, when he moved on to the Weimar court.^[18]

Bach uses the limited types of instruments at his disposal for unusual combinations, such as tworecorders and twoviole da gamba in the funeral cantataGottes Zeit ist die allerbeste Zeit, also known asActus Tragicus. He uses instruments of the continuo group as independent parts, such as a cello inNach dir, Herr, verlanget mich and a bassoon inDer Herr denket an uns.^[14] The cantata for the inauguration of a town council is richly scored for trumpets, woodwinds and strings.^[19] Wolff notes:

The overall degree of mastery by which these early pieces compare favourably with the best church compositions from the first decade of the eighteenth century ... proves that the young Bach did not confine himself to playing organ and clavier, but, animated by his Buxtehude visit, devoted considerable time and effort to vocal composition. The very few such early works that exist, each a masterpiece in its own right, must constitute a remnant only ... of a larger body of similar compositions.^[14]

The Bach scholarRichard D. P. Jones notes inThe Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach:

His remarkable flair for text illustration is evident even in the early cantatas, particularly the two finest of them, theActus tragicus, BWV 106, andChrist lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4. We already sense a powerful mind behind the notes in the motivic unity of the early cantatas, in the use of reprise to bind their mosaic forms together ...^[20]

The prescribed readings for the feast day were from theFirst letter to the Corinthians ("Christ is our Easter lamb" –1 Corinthians 5:6–8) and from theGospel of Mark (theResurrection of Jesus –Mark 16:1–8).^[21][22]

ThereformerMartin Luther wroteseveral hymns in German to be used in church services. His hymn "Christ lag in Todes Banden"^[23] was based on the Latin hymn "Victimae Paschali Laudes", and first published in 1524.^[24] It became a main Easter hymn in GermanLutheranism. The hymn stresses the struggle between Life and Death. The third stanza refers to the "sting of death", as mentioned in1 Corinthians 15. The fifth stanza relates to the "Osterlamm", thePaschal Lamb. The sacrificial "blood" ("Its blood marks our doors")^[11] refers to the marking of the doors before theexodus from Egypt. The final stanza recalls the tradition of baking and eatingEaster Bread, with the "old leaven" alluding again to the exodus, in contrast to the "Word of Grace",^[25] concluding "Christ would ... alone nourish the soul."^[25] In contrast to most chorale cantatas that Bach composed later in Leipzig, the text of the chorale is retained unchanged, which he did again only in late chorale cantatas.^[26]

Christ lag in Todes Banden survives in a version from the 1720s when Bach held the position ofThomaskantor (director of church music) in Leipzig. There is documentary evidence suggesting that thisEaster Sunday cantata was premiered in 1707. It is known that Bach performed a cantata of his own composition at Easter in 1707 as a part of his application for the post of organist of Divi Blasii in Mühlhausen, and this may have beenChrist lag in Todes Banden.^[1][14] By this time, Bach was already demonstrating ingenuity in keyboard music, as known from the early works in theNeumeister Collection.Christ lag in Todes Banden is a significant milestone in his vocal music. It was completed seven years before his sequence of Weimar cantatas, begun in 1714 withHimmelskönig, sei willkommen, BWV 182,^[27] and 17 years before he started a complete annualcycle of chorale cantatas in Leipzig in the middle of 1724 withO Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort, BWV 20.^[28]

Bach would have been attracted to Mühlhausen for its status as afree imperial city and the tradition of vocal music in its churches. Wolff notes that Bach possibly sent two other cantata scores with his application, and once he knew the date of the audition may have composedChrist lag in Todes Banden in addition. A month after Easter, on 24 May 1707, an agreement was reached to hire Bach, who seems to have been the only candidate considered seriously.^[29]

Bach performed the cantata again while Thomaskantor in Leipzig, notably at his first Easter there on 9 April 1724.^[30] He also performed it the following year on 1 April 1725,^[30] in hissecond cycle of Leipzig cantatas, a cycle ofchorale cantatas based on Lutheran hymns. It followed in the cycle some forty newly composed cantatas. This early work fits the cycle in the sense that it is based on a chorale, but its style is different from the others.^[11]

Bach structured the cantata in eight movements: an instrumental sinfonia and seven vocal movements corresponding to the stanzas of the hymn. The duration is given as 22 minutes.^[3]

The title of the original parts of the first Leipzig performance is (inJohann Christoph Altnickol's handwriting): "Feria Paschatos / Christ lag in Todes Banden / a.4. Voc: / Cornetto / 3 Trombon. / 2 Violini / 2 Viole / con / Continuo / Di Sign. Joh.Seb.Bach",^[31][b] In this late version, Bach scored the work for four vocal parts (soprano (S),alto (A),tenor (T), andbass (B)), and aBaroque instrumental ensemble consisting of strings, brass and continuo.^[30][32] The brass parts, a choir of cornetto (Ct) and three trombones (Tb) playingcolla parte with the voices at times, may have been added in the 1720s. They may also possibly represent the original scoring, in the style of the 17th-century polychoral tradition.^[11]

The scoring of the cantataChrist lag in Todes Banden has been described as "archaic"^[33] and its style "medieval":^[22]

• The string section consists of twoviolin parts (Vl) and twoviola parts (Va); this indicates an older practice as for instance found in 17th-century church cantatas by Bach's ancestors (seeAltbachisches Archiv), and inJesus Christus ist um unsrer Missetat willen verwundet, aPassion setting from the early 18th century (or older) which Bach had performed a few years after composing the cantataChrist lag in Todes Banden. In the first half of the 18th century the standard for a string section soon evolved to two violin parts, one viola part and continuo.
• Thecornett used in the cantata was an instrument that belonged to an earlier age: by the second quarter of the 18th century it had almost entirely disappeared from Bach's compositions.
• Thebrass instruments were only used for the 1 April 1725 version of the work. The other performances (24 April 1707, 8 April 1708, and 9 April 1724) were performed without brass instruments (i.e., Cornetto and three Trombones).
• The first version (1707 and 1708) concluded with the words of Verse 7 of the Chorale, but the music was that of Movement 2 (Verse 1 of the Chorale). In 1724 and 1725, Bach changed this out to the now-used 4-part Chorale setting.
• There is relatively little distinction between choral sections of the cantata and sections for vocal soloists;^[22] one editor commented that the "whole cantata may be sung as chorus".^[34] This compares to the clearer demarcation between choral movements and movements for vocal soloists in Bach's later works. However, the number of voices the composer intended per part remains somewhat contentious, and recordings of the work differ considerably in the configurations deployed.
• The harmony is oftenmodal, instead of the moderntonal system.^[22]

In the following table of the movements, the scoring and keys follow theNeue Bach-Ausgabe. Thekeys andtime signatures are taken from the book on all cantatas by the Bach scholarAlfred Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4) andalla breve (2/2).^[3] The continuo, played throughout, is not shown.

Movements ofChrist lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4

No.	Title	Type	Vocal	Brass	Strings	Key	Time.
1	Sinfonia				2Vl 2Va	E minor
Versus 1	Christ lag in Todes Banden Halleluja	Chorus	SATB	Ct 3Tb	2Vl 2Va	E minor
Versus 2	Den Tod niemand zwingen kunnt	Aria Duetto	S A	Ct Tb		E minor
Versus 3	Jesus Christus, Gottes Sohn	Aria	T		2Vl	E minor
Versus 4	Es war ein wunderlicher Krieg	Chorus	SATB			E minor
Versus 5	Hier ist das rechte Osterlamm	Aria	B		2Vl 2Va	E minor	3/4
Versus 6	So feiern wir das hohe Fest	Aria Duetto	S T			E minor
Versus 7	Wir essen und leben wohl	Chorale	SATB	Ct 3Tb	2Vl 2Va	E minor

Luther's hymn is based on the 12th-century Easter hymn "Christ ist erstanden" (Christ is risen), which relies both in text and melody on thesequence for Easter,Victimae paschali laudes.^[24][35] A new version was published by Luther in 1524 and adapted byJohann Walter in his Wittenberg hymnal for choir,Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn (1524). A slightly modified version appeared in 1533 in a hymnal by Kluge.^[24] This chorale tune would have been familiar to Bach's congregations. Bach composed other arrangements during his career, including the twochorale preludes BWV 625 and BWV 718, and the "Fantasia superChrist lag in Todes Banden", BWV 695. Bach's organ works and the version in the cantata (see below) use thepassing notes and regular rhythmic patterns of the 1533 version.^[24]

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Unlike in Bach's later cantatas, all movements are in the same key. The cantata begins with an instrumental sinfonia. The seven stanzas are treated in seven movements as chorale variationsper omnes versus (for all stanzas), with the melody always present as acantus firmus.^[35] All stanzas end on the wordHalleluja.^[36]

The symmetrical sequence of the seven stanzas is a feature more often found in Bach's mature compositions: chorus – duet – solo – chorus – solo – duet – chorus.^[16] The musicologist Carol Traupman-Carr notes the variety of treatment of the seven stanzas, while retaining the same key and melody:^[35]

1. Polyphonicchorale fantasia
2. Duet, with "walking bass" in continuo
3. Trio sonata
4. Polyphonic andimitative, woven around chorale melody
5. Homophonic with elaborate continuo line
6. Duet, usingtrio sonata texture with extensiveimitation
7. Four-part chorale setting (Leipzig version)

John Eliot Gardiner, who conducted theBach Cantata Pilgrimage in 2000, calls Bach's setting of Luther's hymn "a bold, innovative piece of musical drama", observing that Bach was "drawing on medieval musical roots (the hymn tune derives from the eleventh-century plainsongVictimae paschali laudes)", and noting Bach's "total identification with the spirit and letter of Luther's fiery, dramatic hymn".^[4] Bach could follow "Luther's ideal in which music brings the text to life".

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The cantata begins with an instrumentalsinfonia a work in the style of an overture to a contemporaryVenetian opera, with chordal passages and occasionalpolyphony.^[11] It introduces the first line of the melody.^[37] The mood is sombre, recalling the "Death's bonds" of the first line of the hymn: Christ's death on the cross and burial.^[35]

The opening stanza, "Christ lag in Todes Banden" (Christ lay in death's bonds)^[2] is treated as achorale fantasia. Without instrumental opening, the movement starts with the chorale tune sung by the soprano in very long notes, with all other parts entering soon after the soprano begins each choral statement.^[35] The alto line is derived from the chorale tune, while the viola parts principally reinforce the alto and tenor voices. The violin parts are independent and, as Traupman-Carr notes, "further activate the texture with a virtually continuous exchange of sixteenth-note snippets".^[35] The figure in the violins known assuspiratio (sigh) reflects "Christ's suffering in the grip of death".^[4]

The final Halleluja is faster, giving up the fantasia format for a four-part fugue in motet style, with all instruments doubling the voices.^[35][38] The style of the movement recalls the 16th-centurystile antico, although the style is still unmistakably Bach's.^[33]

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The second stanza, "Den Tod niemand zwingen kunnt" (No one could defeat death),^[2] is set as a soprano and alto duet, over anostinato continuo.^[38] It deals with "humanity helpless and paralysed as it awaits God's judgement against sin". Bach has the music almost freeze on the first words "den Tod" (death), and the word "gefangen" (imprisoned) is marked by a sharpdissonance between the soprano and alto.^[39] In the Halleluja, the voices imitate each other in long notes in fast succession, creating a sequence ofsuspensions.^[35]

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The third stanza, "Jesus Christus, Gottes Sohn" (Jesus Christ, God's Son),^[2] is atrio of the tenor, twoobbligato violins and continuo. The tenor sings the chorale melody almost unchanged.^[38] The violins illustrate first how Christ slashes at the enemy. The music stops completely on the word "nichts" (nothing). The violins then present in four notes the outline of the cross, and finally the tenor sings a joyful "Halleluja" to a virtuoso violin accompaniment.^[39]

"Es war ein wunderlicher Krieg, da Tod und Leben rungen" (It was a strange battle, that death and life waged),^[2] is the center of the symmetrical structure. It is sung by the four voices, accompanied only by the continuo. The alto sings the cantus firmus, transposed by a fifth to B-Dorian,^[38] while the other voices follow each other in a fugalstretto with entries just a beat apart until they fall away one by one. In the final Halleluja in all four voices, the bass descends nearly two octaves.^[40]

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Stanza five, "Hier ist das rechte Osterlamm" (Here is the true Easter-lamb),^[2] is sung by the bass alone, accompanied at first by a descending chromatic line in the continuo which has been compared to the Crucifixus of the Mass in B minor, but changing to "a dance-like passage of continuous eighth notes" when the voice enters.^[35] For every line of the stanza, the bass sings a chorale tune, then repeats the words in counterpoint to the part of the tune repeated in the strings, sometimestransposed.^[38] Taruskin describes this: "With its antiphonal exchanges between the singer and the massed strings ... this setting sounds like a parody of a passacaglia-style Venetian opera aria, vintage 1640".^[33] The bass sings the final victorious Hallelujas, spanning two octaves.^[41]

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"So feiern wir das hohe Fest" (So we celebrate the high festival),^[2] is a duet for soprano and tenor accompanied only by the ostinato continuo.^[38] The chorale is shared by the voices, with the soprano singing it in E minor, the tenor in B minor.^[35] The movement is a dance of joy: the word "Wonne" (joy) is rendered in figuration that Gardiner finds reminiscent ofPurcell.^[41] Bach incorporates the solemn rhythms of theFrench overture into this verse, reflecting the presence of the word "feiern" (celebrate) in the text. It may be the first time that Bach used these rhythms.^[33]

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Bach's original setting of the final stanza, "Wir essen und leben wohl" (We eat and live well),^[2] is lost; it may have been a repeat of the opening chorus.^[1][33][38] In Leipzig, he supplied a simple four-part setting.^[41]

Bach's original score is lost. A set of autograph parts has survived and is kept in theBach-Archiv Leipzig. The parts were copied from the autograph score by six scribes, four of them known by name, including the composer.^[31]

A manuscript score byFranz Hauser, dating from c. 1820–1839, is held by theStaatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz. It bears a comment on page 178: "Nach den auf der Thomasschule befindlichen / Original / : Autograph: / Stimmen in Partitur gebracht. / Lp. d 16. Oct. 33. / fHauser" (After the original autograph parts in theThomasschule, rendered in a score, Leipzig, 16 October 1833).^[42]

The cantata was first published in 1851 asNo. 4 in the first volume of theBach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe (BGA), edited byMoritz Hauptmann.^[43] Half a century later a vocal score of the cantata appeared inNovello's Original Octavo Edition, under the titleChrist Lay in Death's Dark Prison. The piano reduction was by John E. West, and the translation of the cantata's text by Paul England.^[44] In 1905 this vocal score was republished in the United States by H. W. Gray.^[45]Henry S. Drinker's translationChrist lay by death enshrouded appeared in a score edited byArnold Schering and published byEulenburg in 1932.^[46] In 1967 Schering's score edition was republished byW. W. Norton with an extended introduction and bibliography by Gerhard Herz.^[47]Breitkopf & Härtel, the publisher of the BGA, produced various editions of the cantata separately, for instance in 1968 a vocal score with Arno Schönstedt's piano reduction andCharles Sanford Terry's translation (Christ lay in Death's grim prison).^[48]

TheNew Bach Edition (Neue Bach-Ausgabe, NBA) published the score in 1985, edited byAlfred Dürr, with the critical commentary published the next year.^[49] In 1995Carus produced a revised edition ofHänssler's 1981Christ lag in Todes Banden, edited byReinhold Kubik. Both the Hänssler and the Carus edition contained Jean Lunn'sChrist lay in death's cold prison translation. Carus followed the NBA's... in Todes Banden spelling for the German title. In 2007 Carus republished their score edition with an introduction byHans-Joachim Schulze.^[50]Bach Digital published high-resolution facsimile images of the autograph manuscript parts and of Hauser's score.^[31][42] Also in the 21st century, Serenissima Music published a vocal score ofChrist lag in Todes Banden compatible withKalmus' performance material based on the BGA.^[51][52]

Bach's cantatas fell into obscurity after his death and, in the context oftheir revival,Christ lag in Todes Banden stands out as being recorded early and having been recorded often; as of 2016, the Bach Cantatas Website lists 77 different complete recordings, the earliest dating from 1931. The first recording was a Catalan version arranged by Francesc Pujol withLluís Millet conducting theOrfeó Català: this 1931 performance was released on three 78 rpm discs by the label "La Voz de su Amo" (His Master's Voice) in 1932.^[21] The cantata was recorded twice under the direction ofNadia Boulanger, a 1937 version recorded in Paris and a 1938 version recorded in Boston.^[21]

There are several recordings from the decades immediately after the war.Robert Shaw recorded the cantata in 1946 and again in 1959.Günther Ramin conducted theThomanerchor in 1950, the anniversary of Bach's death. The same year,Fritz Lehmann conducted the choir of theMusikhochschule Frankfurt with soloistsHelmut Krebs andDietrich Fischer-Dieskau.Karl Richter and hisMünchener Bach-Chor first recorded it in 1958.^[21]

Nikolaus Harnoncourt recordedChrist lag in Todes Banden in 1971 in ahistorically informed performance with original instruments and male singers (the upper two parts are sung by boys and thecountertenorPaul Esswood). This was at the start of the first project to record all Bach's sacred cantatas,"J. S. Bach – Das Kantatenwerk" onTeldec.^[21]Christ lag in Todes Banden has since been included in the other "complete sets", conducted byRilling,Gardiner,Koopman,Leusink, andSuzuki (details of these recordings are given in the discography article).^[21]

Music from the cantata was performed as early as 1914 at theProms (at that time held in theQueen's Hall), although the complete work was not heard in this concert series until 1978, when it was given atSt Augustine's church, Kilburn.^[53]

In 1926Walter Rummel published a piano arrangement of the cantata's fourth movement, "Jesus Christus, Gottes Sohn".^[54]George Copeland recorded this transcription in 1938 (re-issued on CD 2001),^[55] andJonathan Plowright recorded it in 2005.^[56]

After he had recorded his orchestration of the chorale preludeChrist lag in Todesbanden, BWV 718, in 1931,^[57]Leopold Stokowski recorded his arrangement for symphonic orchestra of BWV 4's fourth movement in 1937.^[58] AsChorale from the Easter cantata Christ lag in Todesbanden the arrangement's score was published by Broude Brothers in 1951.^[59][60] Later the arrangement was also recorded byJosé Serebrier andRobert Pikler.^[61]

General sources

• "Christ lag in Todes Banden (early version) BWV 4; BC A 54a / Chorale cantata (1st Easter Day)". Bach digital website, managed byBach Archive,SLUB,SBB andLeipzig University. 2014. Retrieved21 December 2014.
• "Christ lag in Todes Banden (Leipzig version) BWV 4; BC A 54a / Chorale cantata (1st Easter Day)". Bach digital website. 2014. Retrieved21 December 2014.
• "D-LEb Thomana 4". Bach digital website. 2014. Retrieved8 February 2016.
• "D-B Mus. ms. Bach P 1159/XI, Fascicle 5". Bach digital website, managed byBach Archive,SLUB,SBB andLeipzig University. 2014. Retrieved8 February 2016.

Editions in English

• West, John E., ed. (1900–1905).Christ lay in death's dark prison. Translated by England, Paul. Novello & Co.hdl:1802/29490.OCLC 678916151.
• West, John E., ed. (1905).Christ Lay in Death's Dark Prison (Christ lag in Todesbanden): Easter Cantata. Translated by England, Paul. New York, NY: The H. W. Gray Co., Inc.
• Schering, Arnold, ed. (1932).Cantata No. 4: Christ lag in Todesbanden – Christ lay by death enshrouded. Translated by Drinker, Henry S. New York, NY: Eulenburg.OCLC 12938956.
• Hauptmann, Moritz, ed. (1933).Cantata No. 4: Christ lag in Todesbanden, BWV 4.Kalmus.
• Herz, Gerhard, ed. (1967).Cantata No. 4: Christ lag in Todesbanden: an authoritative score, backgrounds, analysis, views and comments.W. W. Norton.OCLC 2869218.
• Schönstedt, Arno, ed. (1968).Kantate Nr. 4 am Osterfest: "Christ lag in Todesbanden" – Cantata No. 4 for Easter: "Christ lay in Death's grim prison". Translated by Terry, Charles Sanford.Breitkopf & Härtel.
• Schreck, Gustav;Marissen, Michael, eds. (2012).Cantata No. 4: Christ lag in Todesbanden – BWV 4. Serenissima.ISBN 978-1-932419-48-1.

Editions

• Dürr, Alfred, ed. (1985). "Kantaten zum 1. Ostertag".Kantaten(PDF) (in German). Vol. 9.Bärenreiter. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 5 June 2016.
• Kubik, Reinhold, ed. (2007).Christ lag in Todes Banden – Christ lay in death's cold prison – BWV 4(PDF). Translated by Lunn, Jean.Carus.OCLC 762198060.

Books

• Dürr, Alfred (1971).Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach (in German). Vol. 1 (4 ed.). Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag.ISBN 3-423-04080-7.
• Dürr, Alfred (2006).The Cantatas of J. S. Bach: With Their Librettos in German-English Parallel Text. Translated byRichard D. P. Jones. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-929776-4.
• Geck, Martin (2006).Johann Sebastian Bach: Life and Work. Translated by John Hargraves. Harcourt.ISBN 978-0-15-100648-9.
• Jones, Richard D. P. (2007).The Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach, Volume I: 1695–1717: Music to Delight the Spirit.Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-816440-1.
• Taruskin, Richard (2010).Music in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. The Oxford History of Western Music. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-538482-6.
• Wolff, Christoph (2002).Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-393-32256-9.
• Zwang, Philippe; Zwang, Gérard (2005).Guide pratique des cantates de Bach (Second revised and augmented edition.) (in French). L'Harmattan. pp. 43–44.ISBN 978-2-296-42607-8.

Online sources

• Bischof, Walter F. (2015)."BWV 4 Christ lag in Todes Banden". University of Alberta. Archived fromthe original on 10 May 2010. Retrieved13 September 2015.
• Bischof, Walter F. (2016)."BWV 71 Gott ist mein König". University of Alberta. Archived fromthe original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved20 January 2016.
• Braatz, Thomas; Oron, Aryeh (2011)."Chorale Melodies used in Bach's Vocal Works / Christ ist erstanden". Bach Cantatas Website. Retrieved13 September 2010.
• Browne, Francis (2005).""Christ lag in Todesbanden", Text and Translation of Chorale". Bach Cantatas Website. Retrieved13 August 2010.
• Dellal, Pamela (2012)."BWV 4 – Christ lag in Todesbanden". Emmanuel Music. Retrieved20 August 2022.
• Dickey, Timothy (2015)."Cantata No. 4, "Christ lag in Todes Banden", BWV 4 (BCA 54)".Allmusic. Retrieved23 September 2015.
• Gardiner, John Eliot (2007).Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) / Cantatas Nos 4, 6, 31, 66, 134 & 145 (Media notes).Soli Deo Gloria (atHyperion Records website). Retrieved22 April 2019.
• Gardiner, John Eliot (2007).Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) / Cantatas Nos 24, 71, 88, 93, 131, 177 & 185 (Media notes).Soli Deo Gloria (atHyperion Records website). Retrieved22 April 2019.
• Oron, Aryeh (2015)."Cantata BWV 4 Christ lag in Todesbanden". Bach Cantatas Website. Retrieved23 September 2015.
• Rummel, Walter (1926)."Jesus Christus, Gottes Sohn"(PDF).Bach—Rummel Adaptations (No. 7). London: J. & W. Chester. Retrieved30 May 2016.
• Serebrier, José."Leopold Stokowski Transcriptions". stokowski.org. Retrieved30 May 2016.
• Traupman-Carr, Carol (2002)."Cantata BWV 4, Christ lag in Todes Banden". The Bach Choir of Bethlehem. Retrieved23 September 2014.
• "Chorale from the Easter cantata Christ lag in Todesbanden". Broude Brothers. 1951. Retrieved30 May 2016.
• "Joh. Seb. Bach's Kirchencantaten; Bd. 1 / No. 1 – 10".Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg. Retrieved8 April 2013.
• "BACH Piano Transcriptions Rachmaninov, Cortot, Christie, Bartlett, Samaroff, Copeland, Cohen, Kelberine, Gieseking, Backhaus, Janis, Rubinstein (Rare Rec.1930-47) Naxos Historical". Naxos Historical. Archived fromthe original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved30 May 2016.
• Timbrell, Charles (2006)."Bach: Piano Transcriptions – 6 (Walter Rummel / Jonathan Plowright (liner notes)"(PDF).Hyperion. Retrieved30 May 2016.
• "Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third series; Part 5A: Published Music". Washington, D.C.:Library of Congress. 1951. p. 10. Retrieved30 May 2016.
• "Bach – Cantata No 4Jesus Christus, Gottes Sohn (Christ lag in Todes Banden) BWV 4 – orch. Stokowski". publicdomain.lafauniere.info. Archived fromthe original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved30 May 2016.
• "Bach – Chorale PreludeChrist lag in Todesbanden BWV 718 (orch. Stokowski)". publicdomain.lafauniere.info. Archived fromthe original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved30 May 2016.

• Church, Michael (2012)."The Emperor of Atlantis/Christ lag in Todesbanden, English Touring Opera, Linbury Studio, London".The Independent. Retrieved3 May 2015.
• Hewett, Ivan (2013)."Bach Marathon, Albert Hall, Review".The Telegraph. Retrieved4 May 2015.
• Wolff, Christoph, ed. (1997),The World of the Bach Cantatas: Early Selected Cantatas, W. W. Norton,ISBN 0-393-33674-3

• Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4: Scores at theInternational Music Score Library Project
• Christ lag in Todes Banden onYouTube, performed by Ensemble Orlando Fribourg, Laurent Gendre (conductor), 2016
• English translation by Z. Philip Ambrose, hosted atUniversity of Vermont
• Mincham, Julian (2010)."Chapter 42 BWV 4 & BWV 42, each commencing with a sinfonia". jsbachcantatas.com. Retrieved16 April 2010.

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