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Bōsōzoku (暴走族,lit. 'reckless driving group') is a Japaneseyouth subculture associated withcustomized motorcycles. The first appearance of these types ofbiker gangs was in the 1950s. Popularity peaked at an estimated 42,510 members in 1982. Their numbers dropped dramatically in the 2000s, with fewer than 7,297 members in 2012.[1] Later, in 2020, aBōsōzoku rally that used to attract thousands of members only had 53 members, with police stating that it was a long time since they had to round up that many people.[2]
Bōsōzoku style traditionally involvesboilersuits similar to those of manual laborers or leather military jackets with baggy pants, and tall boots. This uniform became known as thetokkō-fuku (特攻服, "special attack clothing") and is often adorned withkanji slogans. Typical accessories to this uniform arehachimaki, surgical masks, and patches displaying theRising Sun Flag.Bōsōzoku members are known for takingJapanese road bikes and adding modifications such as over-sizedfairings, lifted handle bars shifted inwards, large seat backs, extravagant paint jobs, and modified mufflers.Bōsōzoku styles take inspiration fromchoppers,greasers, andTeddy boys.[3]
Bōsōzoku first started as groups of returningWorld War II veterans. The disobedient subculture originated in the 1950s when the young pilots came back from World War II.[4] Many veterans faced difficulty readjusting to society after the war, and some turned to custom car making and gang-like activities on city streets to gain an adrenaline fix. These earlybōsōzoku took inspiration from Americangreaser culture and imported Western films;bōsōzoku became known for its many similarities to old American biker culture.[5] Many younger individuals began to see this style of life as very appealing, especially marginalized individuals looking for change. Eventually, these youngsters took over the identity, becoming the foundation for the modernbōsōzoku.[6]
The 1970s were when the term ofbōsōzoku first truly began to emerge. This was a period of time characterized by actual riots between police and many of these youth groups. The termbōsōzoku was not actually created by these biker groups, but was eventually widely adopted and used by these various groups.[5] In the 1980s and 1990s,bōsōzoku would often embark on massed rides, in which up to 100 bikers would cruise together slowly en masse down an expressway or major highway. The motorcyclists would run toll booths without stopping and would ignore police attempts to detain them. New Year's Eve was a popular occasion for the massed rides. The bikers would sometimes smash the cars and threaten or beat up any motorists or bystanders who got in the way or expressed disapproval of the bikers' behavior. Participation in the gangs peaked at 42,510 members in 1982. This madebōsōzoku the prevailing form of youth delinquency within Japan.[6]
Numbers slowly began to decline following the 1980s peak. It is reported that, by the 1990s there were around 28,000bōsōzoku sprinkled throughout the country.[7] In 2004, the Japanese government passed a revised road traffic law which gave the police more power to arrest bikers riding recklessly in groups. With increased arrests and prosecutions,bōsōzoku participation rapidly went into decline. As of 2010, police reported that the new trend amongbōsōzoku was to ride together in much smaller groups and to ride scooters instead of heavily modified motorcycles. Aichi prefecture was reported to have the highest number of riders, followed by Tokyo, Osaka, Ibaraki and Fukuoka.[8] By 2015, there were only a reported 6,771 activebōsōzoku throughout Japan.[6] In 2013, the National Police Agency re-classifiedbōsōzoku biker gangs as "pseudo-yakuza" organizations.[9]
Bōsōzoku are usually between the ages of 16 and 20 years old.[5] They are known for their style that heavily mimics greaser culture within the United States. This includes a pompadour style haircut,tokkō-fuku uniforms, which were often modified and embroidered jumpsuits, inspired by those worn by manual laborers during the WWII era, baggy pants and military boots.[10]Tokkō-fuku were often embroidered with various slogans and large, intricate designs. They were seen as a status symbol to many, symbolizing both their pride in themselves and their strength.[11] They were often worn open in the front, with bandage wrappings around their waist. They would also often be accompanied by rounded sunglasses andtasuki.[10]
The wordbōsōzoku is also applied to motorcycle subculture with an interest in motorcycle customizing, often illegal, and making noise by removing the mufflers on their vehicles so that more noise is produced. Thesebōsōzoku groups sometimes ride without motorcycle helmets (which in Japan is illegal), also engage in dangerous or reckless driving, such as weaving in traffic, and running red lights. Another activity is speeding in city streets, not usually for street racing but more for thrills. With many bikes involved, the leading one is driven by the leader, who is responsible for the event and is not allowed to be overtaken. Japanese police call themMaru-Sō (police codeマル走 or丸走) and occasionally dispatch police vehicles to trail the groups of bikes for the reason of preventing possible incidents, which may include: riding very slowly through suburbs at speeds of 10–15 km/h (6.2–9.3 mph), creating a loud disturbance while waving imperial Japanese flags, and starting fights that may include weapons (such as wooden swords, metal pipes, baseball bats, and Molotov cocktails).[12]
Bōsōzoku are known to modify their motorcycles in peculiar and showy ways, which are calledKaizōsha (改造車, "modified vehicles"). The general style ofbōsōzoku bike modification appears to combine elements of an Americanchopper bike and a Britishcafé racer. Examples of modifications that are taken from these styles are raised handle bars like those on a chopper or over-sizedfairings like those found on café racers (thoughbōsōzoku usually fit them much higher on the bike than their original position, and angled upwards at the front).[12]
A typical customizedbōsōzoku bike starts off by taking an average 250-400cc Japanese road bike, adding ashugo exhaust system (multiple tubeheader), squeezing the handlebars inwards (known asshibori, from the verbshiboru, "to squeeze"), and adding a three- or four-trumpet horn -sanren oryonren, respectively.[12]
Loud paint schemes on the fenders or the gas tanks with motifs such as flames or kamikaze-style "rising sun" designs are also quite common. The bikes will often be adorned with stickers and/or flags depicting the gang's symbol or logo.[3]
There are also marked regional differences in motorcycle modifications. For example,Ibarakibōsōzoku are known to modify their motorcycles in an extensively colorful, flashy way. They will often have three or four oversized fairings in a tower-like way in and an abundance of lights.[13]
In America, the term "Bosozoku" is also applied to cars that have undergone extreme modification. The term generally only applies to Japanese manufactured vehicles, and is somewhat interchangeable with the term "Kaido Racer". Broadly, "Bosozoku" refers to the concept of Japanese vehicle modification, whereas "Kaido Racer" refers specifically to car modification.[14][15]
In general, theJapanese government seesbōsōzoku as highly organized groups, affiliated under several national federations. They generally have clear cut rules, uniforms, symbols, and other marks of organization. Some groups have membership fees and set punishments.[7] These groups also make up a large proportion of Japanese criminal activity, being involved in vandalism, road traffic violations, and other criminal activity.[12]
Their lives of crime generally do not end after they turn twenty though. It is estimated that around 25% ofbōsōzoku are above the age of twenty.[contradictory] Alongside that, they have been shown to have ties to variousyakuza organizations. In fact, some numbers predict that as many as one-third of yakuza recruits come from one of a fewbōsōzoku. However, as these groups become less common, their ties to the yakuza become less apparent, as they begin recruiting from other marginalized groups, such as the Japaneseburakumin orZainichi ethnic Koreans.[7]
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