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TheBürgerbräukeller ([ˈbʏʁ.ɡɐ.bʁɔʏ̯.ˌkɛ.lɐ]; "citizen brew cellar") was a largebeer hall inMunich, Germany. Opened in 1885, it was one of the largest beer halls of theBürgerliches Brauhaus. Bürgerliches merged withLöwenbräu, which thereby became the hall's owner.[1]
The Bürgerbräukeller was whereAdolf Hitler launched theBeer Hall Putsch in November 1923 and where he announced the re-establishment of theNazi Party in February 1925. In 1939, the beer hall was the site of anattempted assassination of Hitler and other Nazi leaders byGeorg Elser. It survived aerial bombing inWorld War II.
The Bürgerbräukeller was demolished in 1979,[2] and theGasteig complex was built on its site.
The Bürgerbräukeller was located in theHaidhausen district of Munich on the east side of the Isar River. The entrance was from Rosenheimer Street, with rear access from Keller Street. Since 1980, the site has been redeveloped with the construction of theGasteig Culture Centre, theHilton Munich City Hotel and the headquarters ofGEMA.[3]
As early as the 16th century, brewers inBavaria collected the barrels of beer near the end of the brewing season and stocked them in specially developed cellars for the summer. By the 18th century, brewers discovered they could make a greater profit if they opened their garden-topped cellars to the public and served the beer on site.[4] In the 20th century, the Bürgerbräukeller had both a cellar and abeer garden, as well as the grand hall for indoor functions.[2]
The grand hall was a rectangular space accommodating up to 3,000 people, though fewer in full dining mode. Pillars on either side of the hall supported narrow galleries and the roof. The load-bearing walls and the internal pillars with classical capitals were plastered brickwork. A decorative plastered ceiling, divided into bays with three rows of chandeliers, concealed steel beams supporting the timber roof structure.
From 1920 to 1923, the Bürgerbräukeller was one of the main gathering places of theNazi Party. There, on 8 November 1923,Adolf Hitler launched theBeer Hall Putsch. After Hitler seized power in 1933, he commemorated each anniversary on the night of 8 November with an address to theAlte Kämpfer (Old Fighters) in the great hall of the Bürgerbräukeller. The following day, a re-enactment was conducted of the march through the streets of Munich from the Bürgerbräukeller toKönigsplatz. The event climaxed with a ceremony at theFeldherrnhalle to revere the 16 'blood martyrs' of the Beer Hall Putsch.[5]
The Bürgerbräukeller was also the site Hitler chose to publicly announce the re-establishment of the Nazi Party on 27 February 1925, some ten weeks after his release fromLandsberg prison. With a sense of theater and symbolism, he returned in triumph to the scene of his failed putsch of sixteen months earlier. Three hours before his 8:00 p.m. speech, the hall was filled to capacity with 3,000 attendees and 2,000 more were turned away. Hitler spoke for two hours and reclaimed leadership of the Nazi movement, unifying the feuding factions that had led the fragmented organization while he was incarcerated.[6]
In 1939, atime bomb concealed inside a pillar in the Bürgerbräukeller was set to go off during Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch address on 8 November. The bomb exploded, killing eight people and injuring 57,[7][unreliable source?] but Hitler had cut short his speech and had already left. A carpenter,Georg Elser, was arrested, imprisoned for5+1⁄2 years, and executed shortly before the end ofthe war.[5]
The building suffered severe structural damage from Elser's bomb, and in subsequent years, 1940–1943, the Beer Hall Putsch address was held at theLöwenbräukeller atStiglmaierplatz,[8] and in 1944 at theCircus Krone Building.
After the attempted assassination of Hitler on 8 November 1939, repairs began on the Bürgerbräukeller with the intention of repairing the building to its original state. Due to the shortage of materials, work was never completed. During the Allied aerial bombing of Munich, a single bomb hit the hall where the 1939 explosion had taken place, but failed to explode.[9]
When American forces entered Munich on 30 April 1945, the42nd ‘Rainbow’ Infantry Division found the Bürgerbräukeller filthy, piled with Nazi Party records, and unused.[2]
The Bürgerbräukeller served as an American Red Cross Club starting in late 1945 and became a Special Services club in September 1947. An average of 1,700 servicemen made use of the club's facilities every day. The Bürgerbräukeller was one of nine service clubs in the Munich Military Post.[10]
With the departure of American forces in 1957, the Bürgerbräukeller was taken over by Löwenbräu beer company, and after partial rebuilding, it was reopened as a bierkeller at Christmas 1958.[2]
In preparation for the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, the city authorities undertook the construction of an underground railway system. The construction of station escalators emerging on Rosenheimerstrasse, next to the Bürgerbräukeller, required the cellar, which had been used for Nazi Party meetings, to be sealed off. In 1976, the great hall at the rear was still available for large gatherings.[2]
In the 1970s, it was in use also as a recording studio andCarlos Kleiber'sLa Traviata was recorded there in 1976.
The Bürgerbräukeller was demolished in 1979 in a redevelopment programme, as were the nearby Münchner-Kindl-Keller and theHofbräu brewery.
On the Bürgerbräukeller site now stands theGEMA building, theGasteig Cultural Centre, and the Munich City Hilton Hotel.
Near the entrance to the GEMA building, a plaque in the pavement marks the position of the pillar that concealed Georg Elser's bomb in his attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler.[11]
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