TheAzalai (Tamasheq, var.Azalay) is a semi-annualsaltcaravan route practiced byTuareg traders in theSahara desert betweenTimbuktu and theTaoudennisalt mine inMali,[1] or the act of traveling with a caravan along that route.
The other major West African salt caravan route, heading from aroundAgadez toFachi andBilma inNiger, is calledTaghlamt (in Tamasheq, orTaglem orTagalem inHausa language).
The two are among the last caravan routes in the Sahara that are still in use. Both caravans have largely been replaced by unpaved truck routes.
At one time the caravan route fromTimbuktu extended throughTaoudenni toTaghaza, another salt-mining site, and on to the lands north of the Sahara on the Mediterranean Sea. Caravans with up to 10,000 camels carried gold and slaves north, returning with manufactured goods and salt from Taghaza and Taoudenni.[2] Until the 1940s, the Taoudenni caravans were made up of thousands of camels, departing Timbuktu at the beginning of the cool season in November, with a smaller caravan departing Timbuktu at the beginning of the hot season in March.
After the Azalai reaches Timbuktu, the rock salt it is taken by boat toMopti and further on to otherSahel andSudanian markets.
The Agadez–Bilma route, passing through theTénéré desert and the oasis town ofFachi in eastern Niger, takes around three weeks to complete (both ways). It is traditionally a twice yearly caravan from the capital of theAïr region to thenatronsalt pans along the string of oases formed by theKaouar cliffs in north east Niger. Food and supplies were carried from Agadez each November and March and traded for bricks of salt, condensed in the natron pits of oasis towns, and to a lesser extent, dates and vegetables. The salt was then generally traded for animal use in theHausaland regions to the south.[3]
The Agadez–Bilma Taghlamt was historically a monopoly of the Tuareg, and successively theKel Gres,Kel Owey andKel Ayr confederations in particular. Many Tuareg traders owned the salt pits and date plantations in Kaouar, as well as holding bonded laborers there, and traveled the caravan to administer their property. The Tuareg Taghlamt, numbering 10,000 camels and stretching 25 km at the beginning of the colonial period, is led by the representative of theAmenukal (confederation leader), followed by each sub group.[4]
Thecamel was introduced into the Sahara in the late first millennium, and Tuareg tribes moved south into the region in the 13th century. In the 18th century, Tuareg confederations captured the Kaouar oases from theKanem–Bornu Empire and began transporting goods from Agadez.[5]
The disruptions of theFrench colonial expansion in the first years of the 20th century led to inter clan rivalries, and later, the rise of mechanised traffic. In 1904, Ouled Sliman raiders from what is nowChad destroyed the caravan at Bilma, and again in 1906 at Fachi. The French reported that the 1906 caravan numbered 20,000 camels. Following theKaocen revolt, no Taghlamt traveled the route until 1925, and then it was accompanied by French colonial forces. By 1948, the caravans had shrunk to 8000 camels, and continued to shrink thereafter. The northern road route, marked by theTree of Ténéré, has supplanted most camel trains, but small Taghlamt trains continue to head out each November.[6]