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Aymara kingdoms | |||||||||
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| c. 1151–1477 | |||||||||
| Capital | Hatunqulla (Collas), Cutimbo (Lupacas), Caquiaviri (Pacajes) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Aymara, Quechua | ||||||||
| Other languages | Puquina, Uru | ||||||||
| Government | Confederation ofDiarchies | ||||||||
| Historical era | Late Intermediate | ||||||||
• Established | c. 1151 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1477 | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Bolivia | ||||||||
TheAymara lordships,Aymara kingdoms, orlake kingdoms were a group of native polities that flourished towards theLate Intermediate Period, after the fall of theTiwanaku Empire, whose societies were geographically located in theQullaw. They were developed between 1150 and 1477, before the kingdoms disappeared due to the military conquest of theInca Empire. But the currentAymara population is estimated at two million located in the countries ofBolivia,Peru,Chile andArgentina.[1] They used the Aymara andPuquina languages.[2]
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During pre-colonial times these peoples were not known as Aymara, but were distinguished by the name of their own societies. The European chroniclers were the first to call these societies Aymara, but this name was not produced immediately because of the clear distinction between Aymara-speaking peoples.[3]
Aymara people came from north Argentina, there were also Aymara descendant peoples inLima, towards the end of theWari Empire's heyday. A migration of Aymara peoples took place, one that contributed to the disarticulation of the imperial dominance of the region and, shortly after its disappearance, a number of Aymara-speaking, independent and rival kingdoms emerged. Some Aymara groups took advantage of the weakening of the Wari and settled on the central coast.[4]
There were 12 major Aymara Kingdoms:[5]
There were also the following Aymara lordships:
These kingdoms named,Urcosuyu (Urco: male, fire) on the western side ofLake Titicaca andUmasuyu (Uma: female, water) on the eastern side,[2] geographically dominated a large number of territories in areas of lower altitude, both in the valleys of thePacific and in theAmazon basin; they had discontinuous territories between the colonies in low areas like islands in various parts of the same valley, sharing the valley with other ethnic groups that could be local as well as other peoples of the highlands - a geopolitical phenomenon that John Murra calls "vertical archipelagos" - and although during the reign of theInca Empire they kept both their lands inQullaw and their colonies in the inter-Andean valleys; This domain of territory was respected until the first years of theSpanish conquest when its territorial and political dismemberment began.
In all these societies, duality prevailed as a form of government - there were two leaders for each society. Most of these kingdoms buried their leaders in a mausoleum in the shape of a tower called a "chullpa"; the design of these towers was different in each of the societies.
There were intense rivalries between the Aymarakurakas ofChucuito, from theLupaca Kingdom, andHatunqulla, from theColla Kingdom. These confrontations were known to the Incas and theViracocha Inca was the first to try to take advantage of these rivalries, promising aid to both sides but secretly agreeing with the Lupacas of Chucuito. This treason was discovered by Cari, the Colla leader, who attacked the Lupacas nearPaucarcolla before the Inca army arrived to help them. With this victory the Collas became the dominant kingdom in all of Qullaw, annexing land along thePacific.[11]
LaterPachacuti defeated the Collas. The kuraka of the Collas at that time was called Chuqui Capac, he was taken prisoner by the Incas after a long battle near Hatunqulla. At the time of the conquest of the Collas, its territory spanned from the Pacific coast, passing through theQullaw plateau, toMojeños mountains in the east. After the capture of Chuqui Capac, all the Collas were subdued by the Incas, some by force and others peacefully; the towns that were destroyed were populated bymitmakunas and the other Aymara kingdoms ended up accepting the dominion ofCusco as did the Lupacas, Pacajes, Azangaros and others.[11] After the expansion of the Inca empire into the land of the Aymara kingdoms, the Incas named all Aymara kingdoms "Collas", without distinction, and their territory became part ofCollasuyo.[12]
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