Inlandscaping, anavenue (fromFrench),alameda (fromPortuguese andSpanish), orallée (from French) is a straightpath orroad that runs between dual rows oftrees or largeshrubs. As its Latin originvenire ('to come') indicates, an avenue is used to emphasize the "coming to" orarrival at alandscape orarchitectural feature. In most cases, the trees planted in an avenue will be all of the samespecies orcultivar, so as to give uniform appearance along the full length of the avenue.
The French termallée is used for avenues planted inparks andlandscape gardens, as well asboulevards such as the Grande Allée inQuebec City, Canada, andKarl-Marx-Allee inBerlin.
The avenue is one of the oldest implements in thehistory of gardens. AnAvenue of Sphinxes still leads to the tomb of thepharaohHatshepsut. Avenues similarly defined by guardian stone lions lead to theMing tombs in China. British archaeologists have adopted highly specific criteria for"avenues" within the context of Britisharchaeology.
InFrench formal gardenBaroquelandscape design style, avenues of trees that were centered upon the dwelling radiated across the landscape. See the avenues in theGardens of Versailles orHet Loo. Other late 17th-century French and Dutch landscapes,[1] in that intensely ordered and flat terrain, fell naturally into avenues;Meindert Hobbema, inThe Avenue at Middelharnis (1689) presents such an avenue in farming country, neatly flanked at regular intervals by rows of young trees that have been rigorously limbed up; his centralvanishing point mimics the avenue's propensity to draw the spectator forwards along it.[2]
InAustria-Hungary, the fashion for establishing representative avenues appeared as early as the Renaissance and reached its peak in the Baroque period. Avenues lined the access roads to chateaus and manors, as well as pilgrimage routes and Stations of the Cross. The manorial landscape architecture was followed by "folk landscaping" with wayside chapels, crosses and shrines accompanied by trees. Later,Maria Theresa decreed in 1752 to plant trees along the new imperial roads for economic, aesthetic, orientation and safety reasons. Most avenues were created during the reigns of Maria Theresa and Joseph II. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, new landscaping came from England, and formal aesthetics were replaced by the aesthetics of the natural landscape. During Napoleonic wars, pyramidal poplars became a new element, popular due to their fast growth and distinctive shape. Also in the middle of the 19th century, when the construction of imperial roads continued, but at the same time a network of non-state side roads was created, the law ordered the planting of avenues along them, especially fruit trees and mulberries. Many baroque alleys have aged and been felled, and fruit tree alleys have become increasingly popular. At the time of the development of motoring, the oldest avenues often hinder the widening and modernization of rural roads and are the subject of dispute between conservationists and traffic safety requirements.[3]
To enhance the approach tomansions ormanor houses, avenues were planted along the entrance drive. Sometimes the avenues are in double rows on each side of a road. Trees preferred for avenues were selected for their height and speed of growth, such aspoplar,beech,lime, andhorse chestnut.[4] In the Americanantebellum eraSouth, thesouthern live oak was typically used, because the trees created a beautifulshadecanopy.
Sometimes tree avenues were designed to direct the eye toward some distinctive architectural building or feature, such as achapels,gazebos, or architecturalfollies.[5]
.jpg)
Avenue as astreet name in French, Spanish (avenida) and other languages implies a large straight street in a city, often created as part of a large scheme ofurban planning such asBaron Haussmann'sremodelling of Paris or theL'Enfant Plan for Washington D.C.; "avenues" will typically be the main roads. This pattern is very often followed in the United States, indeed all the Americas, but in the United Kingdom this sense is less strong and the name is used more randomly, mostly for suburban streets developed in the 20th century, thoughWestern andEastern Avenues in London are main traffic arteries out of the city, if not very straight.
Incities which have agrid-based naming system, such as theborough ofManhattan inNew York City, there may be a convention that the streets called avenues run parallel in one direction – roughly north–south in the case of Manhattan – while "streets" run at 90 degrees to them across the avenues; roughly east–west in Manhattan. InWashington, DC the avenues radiate from the centre running diagonally across the grid of streets, which follows typical French usage of the name (in France "boulevards" are often main roads running round the city centre). InPhoenix, Arizona, "the avenues" can colloquially mean "the west side of town", due to the numbered north–south-running roads being called "Avenues" in the western part of the city, separated from the eastern "Streets" by a "Central Avenue". Similarly, "the avenues" inSan Francisco, California refers to theRichmond District and theSunset District, the two neighborhoods on the Pacific coast, north and south ofGolden Gate Park, respectively.
In Anglophoneurban orsuburban settings, "avenue" is one of the usual suite of words used in street names, along with "boulevard", "circle", "court", "drive", "lane", "place", "road", "street", "terrace", "way", "gate" and so on, any of which may carry connotations as to the street's size, importance, or function. Avenues were usually lined with trees when first built, although many avenues have lost their trees to make way for overhead wiring, parking or to allow light into properties.
_01.jpg)
Media related toAvenues at Wikimedia Commons
