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Serbia's automotive industry is one of the most important industrial sectors and makes about 15% of industrial output of the country and 18% of all exports (expected to reach $2 billion in 2013).[1]
The Serbian automotive industry has its roots at very beginning of the 20th century, when, in 1904, the industrial military complex Zastava created a section dedicated to automobile repair and manufacture of certain parts.
In 1939, Zastava began assemblingChevrolet trucks. Production came to an end with the start of theSecond World War. Until 1941, the factory inKragujevac produced 400 Chevrolet military trucks and the automotive section of the Zastava industrial complex employed 12,000 workers.[2]
By becoming one of the founders and leaders of theNon-Aligned Movement, Yugoslavia became one of the rare places where on the road and in the traffic one could see cars from both blocks of the Cold War, plus the ones from neutral or the Non-Aligned countries. However, besides the imports, Yugoslavia offered a large variety of domestic cars built for diverse tastes and necessities. Besides the pre-war Zastava-General Motors agreement about building 4x4 vehicles, Zastava would sign in the 1950s an agreement with Italian giant FIAT that would last, in some form or another, until 2008, and almost 2 million vehicles were produced.[3]
Meantime, in Slovenian seaport town ofKoper on the Adriatic, in 1984, local factoryTomos and French manufacturerCitroën created a joint-venture named Cimos. Besides theCitroën 2CV and theCitroën DS, they also producedAmi,Dyane,AX, BW,CX,Visa andGS.[3]
Another Slovenian company,IMV fromNovo Mesto, reached an agreement with BritishAustin Motor Company[4] to assemble, since 1967, models such as1300,1500,1750 and, the worldwide famous,Mini.[3] In 1972, IMV made a strategic partnership withRenault and started producing the popularRenault 4. Besides this model, they also produced theRenault 12,Renault 16,Renault 18 andRenault 5 for the Yugoslav market.[3]
SR Bosnia and Herzegovina entered into car manufacturing through a kitchen appliances manufacturer. In a process in which Yugoslav presidentTito polemically dislocated most of the surviving Serbian industrial centers into Croatia and Bosnia thus even further weakening the Serbian economy, these other republics took advantage to recover, and in case of Bosnia, specifically regarding the automotive industry, it was with the direct initiative from president Tito that obligated one successful company, PRETIS, to become involved in car production, since they already dealt with aluminium and other metals. That same year Pretis factory inVogošća started assemblingNSU Prinz. Around 15.000 of this cars were made, when Volkswagen took charge of the mother company, and used the advantage and the facilities which Yugoslav government were giving them. UNIS become the main company, replacing Pretis, The experience was positive and the collaboration lasted for some years. However,Volkswagen saw a great chance to expand to Serbian market. The major impact came soon after theBeetle. Around 1.300 units were built between 1972 and 1976 in three versions: 1200, 1300 and 1303.[3]
In 1953, at the centenary of the company, Zastava signed a contract with Italian manufacturerFIAT to start the production of several models under licence, including trucks, passenger cars, tractors and heavy-duty vehicles.[2] In 1955 the production started of what became the most popular model, theZastava 750, which counted a total of 923,487 units produced. In 1965 Zastava started exporting abroad. United States imported over 140,000 Zastava vehicles, sold as Yugos. In 1989 Zastava produced a record 230,570 units. All in all, Zastava produced over 4 million vehicles between 1953 and 2001, and exported to 74 countries, making Kragujevac the center of the automotive industry of Serbia and the entire Yugoslav federation. However, the facilities of the Zastava industrial complex were heavily damaged during the NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia in 1999.[2]
Zastava's suppliers manufactured under strict, high-quality production standards that enabled them to work with other western car manufacturers such asMercedes,Ford,Peugeot Citroën-PSARenault, andOpel. This was also necessary to meet Yugoslav obstacles to importing fully-built-up cars. Zastava also assembled Fiats and various Fiats built in the Eastern Bloc for sale locally. Second-biggest manufacturerIMV manufactured Renaults (replacing original Western partnersAustin,[4]NSU andBMW) inNovo Mesto,Slovenia, Tvornica Automobila Sarajevo (TAS) built Volkswagens inSarajevo inBosnia-Herzegovina,Cimos builtCitroëns inKoper, Slovenia, and fifth-placedIDA assembled Opels.[5] Local assemblers had to form joint ventures with Western operators to sell their wares in Yugoslavia, usually exporting locally made parts in return forCKD kits.[6] There was also a brief attempt by a company called Invest-Metali to assemble Peugeots inPristina,Kosovo, starting with 750 cars delivered in 1985.[7] This company seized trading in 1991 and it is unknown whether any more cars were assembled by them.
Although 211,522 cars were officially built in Yugoslavia in 1983, many were partially knocked down imports and some were misclassified imports.[5] Full imports were officially only available to those who were able to pay entirely in hard currency, which limited such sales to a trickle.[5] In 1984, fully built-up imports from theWest (excluding locally assembled cars) represented less than 4 percent of the market. Although Japanese manufacturersToyota and thenMitsubishi both entered the market on a limited scale in the first half of the 1980s, nearly all Western imports were of European brands. The number one selling import was theFiat Uno, of which over 300 were sold in 1984.[7]
Today, the automotive industry is one of the most prominent sectors inSerbia, accounting for almost 10% of the entire FDI stock in Serbia since 2000. 27 international investors have invested almost €1.5 billion in the sector, creating more than 19,000 jobs. The Serbian automotive industry supplies almost all major European and some Asian car manufacturers.[8]
The manufacturing of vehicle chassis system parts, especially tires and suspension parts is the most prominent activity in the industry. Electrical system components are another dominant product group with car batteries and wiring installations as the most important products. Also, the production of engine components, mostly cast, is very significant, along with forged and machined parts like camshafts, brake discs, valves and flywheels.
Among these manufacturing companies are:Tigar Tyres,Leoni Wiring Systems Southeast,Yura Corporation,Cooper Tire & Rubber Company Serbia,Trayal Corporation and IGB Automotive.
Bus industries Kragujevac (BIK), in collaboration with Belarusian truck and bus manufacturerMAZ, began production by the late 2000s of gas-powered buses named BIK-203 which are based on the platform of the MAZ-203 model.[9][10] These buses have been delivered to several Serbian towns to be in use in public transportation companies.
In 1952Fabrika automobila Priboj (FAP) was founded and a year later the first trucks were produced based on a licence fromSaurer. First domestically designed vehicles where introduced in serial production by 1965. In 1970 a production, technical and financial cooperation contract was signed by FAP withDaimler-Benz. In 1978 FAP began its collaboration with theMilitary Technical Institute Belgrade and started developing and producing special military vehicles. Since the 2010s, FAP has military oriented and heavily limited production.
In 2008, FIAT entered a joint venture (JV) with the Republic of Serbia, creating what would become known asFCA Srbija. The JV extensively renovated and remodeled the former headquarters facility and assembly plant ofZastava Automobiles, and now manufactures theFiat 500L,[11][12] with an annual capacity of 85,000 cars (as of 2016).[13]
Ikarbus is a bus manufacturer based in Belgrade. The company was first founded in 1923 as "Ikarus A.D." to manufacture aircraft. After World War II the company was nationalised and two other Serbian aircraft manufacturers,Rogožarski andZmaj aircraft, were merged into Ikarus. However, during the 1950s most of the personal and infrastructure of the aircraft factory were relocated toSOKO, and since then Ikarus has focused completely on bus production, first under licence, originally withSaurer andMAN designs, and later with the company's own. In 1992 the company was privatized, but due to a name dispute with Hungarian bus manufacturerIkarus Bus, it changed name to Ikarbus.
Part of Zastavaconglomerate company in Kragujevac, TERVO was formed on 1 September 2017 with all fixed and current assets ofZastava Trucks including most of its former employees.[14] Produces terrain vehicles for military and civilian use and armored cabins and parts for military vehicles.
IDA-Opel was a car manufacturer based inKikinda which producedOpel models under license between 1977 and 1992. It produced 38,700 vehicles. The production was ended due to the start of theYugoslav Wars and the imposition of UN economic sanctions toFR Yugoslavia.
IMK 14. oktobar Kruševac was a company specialized in the production of heavy machinery and equipment. With its headquarters inKruševac, it maintained production facilities inVarvarin,Brus andRažanj. The company was established and in 1923 and declared bankruptcy in January 2016.
Industrija Motora Rakovica was a tractor manufacturer based inRakovica,Belgrade. Founded in 1927 as Zadrugar, they closed in 2015.
Industry of Machinery and Tractors (IMT) has produced tractors and agricultural machinery since the 1950s. It went into bankruptcy procedure in 2016.[15] In April 2018, IMT was sold to TAFE. Production is reactivated in Jarkovac, as the Belgrade factory was excluded from sale.
Neobus was a bus manufacturer based inNovi Sad. Founded in 1952 as Autokaroserija, they cooperated closely with Slovenian manufacturerTAM. In 1992, with the independence of Slovenia, the cooperation ended and Autokaroserija became an independent bus manufacturer and changed its name to Neobus. In 2012 the Neobus went into bankruptcy.
Group Zastava Vehicles with its main company Zastava Automobiles, is a Serbian car manufacturer founded inKragujevac,SFR Yugoslavia in 1953 as a successor to a Yugoslav truck manufacturer. Being part of a major industrial complex mostly dedicated to military industry, Zastava formed in 1904 what was the first section exclusively dedidacated to automobile repair and parts manufacturing. By the late 1930s it got an agreement withGeneral Motors for assembling 4x4 military jeeps. The Second World War interrupted the collaboration and after the war it was Italian giant FIAT which signed a cooperation deal with Zastava for assembling numerous of their models. After decades of manufacturing numerous passenger and commercial vehicles under licence fromFiat, in the 1980s Zastava started producing its own models, such asYugo andZastava Florida designed byGiorgetto Giugiaro. They also assembled larger Fiats such as the132 andArgenta for sale locally, as well as many Eastern European Fiat derivatives includingPolski Fiat 126p, variousLadas,FSO 1500 andPolonez.[5] The Zastava brand ended production in 2008 and in 2017 the company declared bankruptcy.
In 2008, Zastava's headquarters and assembly facilities were extensively renovated and modernized when they were assumed in a joint venture with the Republic of Serbia and Fiat, eventually becomingFCA Srbija.
The first vehicles to be built at Zastava were 400Chevrolet trucks, which were built under license between 1939 and 1941 for theRoyal Yugoslav Army. Then in 1953, 162 off-road vehicles with the trademark Willys were produced. But the marking point was when Zastava and FIAT signed an agreement in 1955 for building cars and trucks under license, beginning with the production ofFiat AR-51 Campagnola light trucks and off-road vehicles, followed by Fiat 1100TF vans. In the 1980sIveco models were produced.
In September 2017, the Government of Serbia establishedZastava TERVO, which took over Zastava Trucks production facilities.
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