August 10, 1913: Bucharest treaty ends Second Balkan WarAugust 20, 1913: Stainless steel invented by British metallurgist Harry Brearley (pictured, the stainless steel plaque honoring him)August 23, 1913: The Little Mermaid statue assembled in CopenhagenAugust 13, 1913: Canadian arctic shipKarluk trapped in iceAugust 2, 1913: Mortal men reach the summit of Mount Olympus, home of the Greek gods
French aviatorEugène Gilbert became the first person to fly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) in a single day to win the semi-annually awarded Pommery Cup. The prize was to be given to the person who "makes the longest flight across country from sunrise to sunset on one day, during which he may stop as often as he wishes to replenish fuel."[13] Gilbert departedParis at 4:45 am, flew seven hours non-stop to the Spanish town ofVittoria, departed again at 1:00 and arrived at the Portuguese town of Pejabo at 8:00 pm.[13]
Explosions at the East Brookside Colliery of thePhiladelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company mine atTower City, Pennsylvania, killed 19 people and seriously injured 20. Thirteen men were killed in the blast, and five men who volunteered to be rescuers were killed in a second explosion in the 1,800-foot (550 m) deep mine shaft.[16][17]
The "Wheatland hop riot" began after farm workers at thehops farm at Durst Ranch, near the town ofWheatland, inYuba County, California, gathered for a meeting with Richard "Blackie" Ford, an organizer for theIndustrial Workers of the World union. When the Yuba County Sheriff and his officers arrived to arrest Ford, a crowd of workers rushed the officers. Four people were killed in the melee.[18][19]
As the uprising ofChina's southern provinces collapsed, theFujian province rescinded itsJuly 20 declaration of independence, and rebel general Xu Chongzhi fled toJapan, returning control of the province to Governor Sun Daoren.[21]
Joseph Knowles, a 44-year-old survivalist, began his experiment of living alone in "the uncharted forests of northeasternMaine," pledging to "live as Adam lived" for two months.[This quote needs a citation] Before a group of reporters, Knowles removed all of his clothes, and walked into the forest without clothing, food or tools. The American press followed his progress using written notes Knowles left at prearranged locations. Knowles would emerge from the forest on October 4, 1913, wearing a bearskin robe, deerskin moccasins, and a knife, bow and arrows that he had crafted himself.[22][23][24] However, there were rumors that Knowles' story was a hoax.[25]
Pope Pius X reformed longstanding rules ofcanon law that had restricted the hearing ofconfession for members of certainreligious orders. Previously, confessions could not be heard without prior approval by a superior.[27]
John Henry Mears set a new record for traveling around the world, arriving back inNew York City after 35 days, 21 hours and 35 minutes. Sponsored by the New YorkEvening Sun, Mears broke Andre Jaeger-Schmidt's record, set in 1911, by four days. Mears, who had departed the newspaper's offices in the early morning hours ofJuly 2 returned to the same spot "at 10:10 o'clock" in the evening five weeks later.[29]
Venezuela's PresidentJuan Vicente Gómez temporarily left office in order to personally lead the nation's army against the rebels ofCipriano Castro.José Gil Fortoul of the Federal Council was designated by Gomez to act as President during Gomez's absence.[30]
TheSenate of France voted 245–37 to pass the Three Years Act, extending compulsory military service from two years to three years.[2]
El Salvador and theUnited States signed a five-year treaty, pledging to submit all disputes between them "for investigation and report to an International Commission" composed of representatives from five nations. The proposed Commission would have one year to render its report, during which participating nations would withhold from going to war. The agreement was the first of the international peace treaties that Secretary Bryan had proposed in a "plan for world-wide peace.[35]
Venustiano Carranza, leader ofMexico's rebellion against the government of PresidentVictoriano Huerta, and Governor of the State ofCoahuila, sent a reply to U.S. PresidentWoodrow Wilson's proposal for a ceasefire until elections could be held in October. Carranza said that he did not recognize President Huerta's authority as legal and that his "comrades in arms in the just defense of our constitutional rights" would continue to fight.[38]
Slightly less than one year before the outbreak ofWorld War I, a diplomat fromAustria-Hungary told representatives fromItaly andGermany that his Empire intended to plan an invasion ofSerbia. The private discussion would be revealed on December 5, 1914, by Italian Prime MinisterGiovanni Giolitti, who said thatItaly refused to participate.[42]
TheTreaty of Bucharest was signed at 10:30 a.m., ending theSecond Balkan War.[43]Serbia andGreece agreed to withdraw their troops fromBulgaria within three days, andRomania agreed to withdraw fromBulgaria within 15 days. In return,Bulgaria, which had won control of most of the region ofMacedonia fromTurkey in theFirst Balkan War, gave up 90% of its gains.Serbia increased its size by 80% with the acquisition of northern Macedonia, andGreece increased in size by 68% with the southern half of Macedonia.Bulgaria also ceded Southern Dobruja toRomania, and agreed to demobilize its armed forces immediately. The parties also agreed to submit any future disputes over their borders for arbitration byBelgium, theNetherlands orSwitzerland.[44]
TheLondon ambassadors conference of Europe's six "Great Powers" (Austria-Hungary,France,Germany,Italy,Russia, theUnited Kingdom) settled on the boundaries of the newPrincipality of Albania, created from former Turkish territory by the Balkan League during theFirst Balkan War.Greece received most of theChameria, the southern part of the region occupied by the Albanian people, which was incorporated intoEpirus, with the capital, Yanina, being renamed asIoannina.[citation needed] British Foreign SecretaryEdward Grey told Parliament the next day that the division of the Albanian people had been made to avoid a war between the Great Powers over the region.[46]
Twelve workers on thePanama Canal, all but one of them Panamanian, were killed in a sudden rockslide at the quarry at Puerto Bello.[47]
Chinese government troops and secessionist rebels fought a battle atGuangzhou (Canton), with 1,200 people being killed.[2]
After an all-night session, theNew York State Assembly voted 79–45 toimpeach GovernorWilliam Sulzer. The eight articles included accusations oflarceny,bribery,obstruction of justice, abuse of the public trust, andperjury.[51] Lieutenant GovernorMartin H. Glynn became the Acting Governor under state law, as confirmed by the state Attorney General on August 18, although Sulzer said that he would not abandon his office while awaiting his trial in the State Senate on September 18.[52] Sulzer would be found guilty, by a vote of 43–12, on three of the charges, and have removed from office on October 17.[53]
In the skies nearKiev, Russian aviatorPyotr Nesterov became the first person to execute aloop, flying hisNieuport airplane on an upwardpitch until he was upside down, then bringing it back down.[56]
Albert Schweitzer performed major surgery for the first time at the site of what would becomeHôpital Albert Schweitzer atLambaréné inGabon, at that time a part ofFrench Equatorial Africa in the jungle. The mission hospital was still under construction, but the patient had a strangulatedhernia that required immediate attention. With his wife as the anesthetist, Dr. Schweitzer did the operation in the students' housing at the nearby mission school.[57]
Harry Kendall Thaw, the millionaire who murdered architectStanford White on June 25, 1906, and then was confined to an asylum rather than imprisoned, walked out of the mental hospital atMatteawan, New York and fled toCanada.[63] Thaw would be recaptured, sent back to the hospital and finally be released in 1924, and would die in Florida on February 22, 1947.[64]
Massachusetts anglerCharles Church caught a 5-foot (1.5 m) long, 73-pound (33 kg)striped bass, the largest up to that time. Church's record would stand for almost 58 years as the mark that "remained the goal of every striper fisherman," untilJuly 17, 1981, when Captain Bob Roschetta would reel in a 76-pound (34 kg) bass.[65]
Venezuelan government troops recaptured the town ofCoro, Venezuela, located in the state ofFalcón, from the rebels led byCipriano Castro. Two of the rebel leaders, General Lazaro Gonzales and General Urbina, were killed in the battle, while Castro was able to flee.[69]
At theroulette wheel atLe Grande Casino inMonte Carlo,Monaco, the color black came up 26 consecutive times. The probability of the occurrence was 1 in 136,823,184.[70] The incident is cited as an illustration of thegambler's fallacy, because after the wheel stopped at black ten straight times, casino patrons began betting large sums of money on red, on the logic that black could not possibly come up again.[citation needed] The odds of red or black coming up on any individual spin were the same each time—18 out of 37; to no surprise of statisticians,[like whom?] "the casino made several million francs that night."[71]
The Turkish council of ministers voted to drop claims to territory west of the Maritza River in return for keepingAdrianople.[72]
The derailing of a train carrying dynamite caused an explosion killing almost 100 people in theMexico City suburb ofTacubaya.[73]
After his airplane failed at an altitude of 900 feet (270 m), aviatorAdolphe Pégoud became the first person to bail out from a falling airplane and to land safely.[74]
The combination of materials that would become known as "stainless steel" was cast for the first time, by British metallurgistHarry Brearley. On test number 1008, at a laboratory inSheffield, Brearley created an alloy that consisted of 12.8% chromium, 0.44% manganese, 0.2% silicon, 0.24% carbon and 85.32% iron.[citation needed] Brearley would later recount that "When microscopic studies of this steel were being made, one of the first noticeable things was that the usual reagent used for etching the polished surface of a microsection would not etch, or etched very slowly... The significance of this is that etching is a form of corrosion, and the specimens behaved in vinegar and other food acids as they behaved with the etching reagents."[76]
John Henry Faulk, American radio broadcaster, known for his popular radio programThe John Henry Faulk Show until it was cancelled following accusations of being a communist byRed Channels, later winning a $3.5 million lawsuit against the group; inAustin, Texas, United States (d.1990)[citation needed]
Fifty men employed at a gold mine in theMysore State ofIndia were killed as they were being lowered into the mine shaft. The cable that held their elevator cage broke, sending them plummeting to the bottom.[81]
As it neared completion,Wolf House, built by authorJack London, was destroyed by a fire before he could move in. "Carefully designed to avert natural disasters and last a thousand years," an author[who?] would write later, "it lasted two days."[82] In 1995, a forensic team would conclude that the fire was accidental, caused by the summer heat and the resulting combustion of an oil-soaked rag left behind by a workman.[83]
Leo Frank, the Jewish superintendent of a pencil factory inAtlanta, Georgia, was convicted by a jury of theApril 26 murder of Mary Phagan, and sentenced to death.[94][95]
British aviatorHarry Hawker was two-thirds of the way done with his quest to become the first person to fly an airplane around theBritish Isles, and slightly less than 500 miles (800 km) from winning a £10,000 prize ($25,000 in 1913 USD, worth roughly $580,000 or £375,000 a century later), when his plane crashed in an accident blamed on his footwear. Hawker escaped serious injury, but "His boots were rubber-soled, and at a critical moment his foot slipped off the rudder bar"[This quote needs a citation] of hisseaplane, which went out of control and crashed into theIrish Sea, a few feet from the Irish coast atLoughshinny. Hawker escaped with only a broken arm. The sponsor of the prize, the British newspaper theDaily Mail, presented Hawker with a smaller £1,000 prize "in recognition of his skill and courage".[This quote needs a citation] The rubber-soled boots, which cost Hawker the equivalent of half a million dollars, were ruined by the seawater.[101]
U.S. PresidentWoodrow Wilson delivered a written message to Congress, proclaiming American neutrality inMexico's civil war, and urged all Americans to leave that nation. Wilson stated that he would "see to it that neither side to the struggle now going on in Mexico receive any assistance from this side of the border" and that the U.S. could not "be the partisans of either party" nor "the virtual umpire between them."[102]
Ameteor crashed into theSakonnet River, nearTiverton, Rhode Island. The explosion, which news reports said "sounded like the discharge of a twelve-inch gun," was heard within a 20-mile (32 km) radius and broke windows in nearby homes.[103]
French Jesuit priestPierre Teilhard de Chardin, assisting on the expedition to locate further remains of thePiltdown Man, found acanine tooth that perfectly fit the skull of the alleged early ancestor ofhomo sapiens.[109]
Eight men and one woman aboard the tugboatAlice were killed when the boilers exploded as the boat was towing barges on theOhio River nearCoraopolis, Pennsylvania. The force of the blast hurled one of the boilers a distance of 1,600 feet (490 m). Six other persons survived and were rescued by a passing steamer, theHarriet.[112]
The last barrier to the Pacific side of thePanama Canal was opened with the explosion of 44,800 pounds (20,300 kg) of dynamite, allowing thePacific Ocean to flow into thelocks at Miraflores. Work began two days later "to remove the last barrier of the Atlantic Channel."[115]
Chinese government troops retook the city ofNanjing from rebels.[60]
TheDublin lock-out strike took a deadly turn when theDublin Metropolitan Police killed one demonstrator and injured 500 more in dispersing the street-car strike protesters. Thirty people were arrested, including the Irish Transport Union leader,James Larkin, whose attempt to address the crowd from a hotel balcony was followed by the police intervention.[117] The burial of James Nolan, three days later, was attended by 50,000 people.[118]
Unidentified accident victim for two weeks, U.S. CongressmanTimothy Sullivan.
United States CongressmanTimothy Sullivan, who had representedNew York's 13th congressional district (and upper Manhattan) since March, was struck and dismembered by a train inNew York City. Sullivan, who had also represented the state in Congress from 1903 to 1906 remained unidentified for several days and was set to be sent to apotter's field for the poor, but was recognized on September 13 by a policeman, after which he received a large funeral.[119][120]
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^"500 Hurt, 1 Dead in Dublin Riots".The New York Times. September 1, 1913.
^"50,000 at Burial of Dublin Laborer".The New York Times. September 1, 1913.
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^Grossman, Mark, ed. (2003). "Sullivan, Timothy Daniel".Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed.ABC-CLIO. pp. 312–313.
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