Attock اٹک Campbellpur | |
|---|---|
City | |
    | |
  Attock  Attock | |
| Coordinates:33°46′0″N72°22′0″E / 33.76667°N 72.36667°E /33.76667; 72.36667 | |
| Country |  Pakistan |
| Province |  Punjab |
| Division | Rawalpindi |
| District | Attock |
| Established | 4 April 1904 |
| Incorporated | 1978 (Renamed to Attock) |
| Government | |
| • Type | District Administration |
| • Deputy Commissioner | Rao Atif Raza[1] |
| Elevation | 355 m (1,165 ft) |
| Population | |
• City | 176,544 |
| • Rank | 60th, Pakistan |
| Time zone | UTC5 (PST) |
| Postal code span | |
| Area code | 057 |
| Website | punjab |
Attock (Punjabi,Urdu:اٹک), formerly known asCampbellpur (Punjabi, Urdu:کیمبل پور),[3] is a city inPunjab,Pakistan, not far from the country's capitalIslamabad. It is the headquarters of theAttock District and is36th largest city in the Punjab and61st largest city in the country, by population. The city was founded in 1908 several miles southeast of the historical city ofAttock Khurd (Urdu:اٹک خورد:),[4] which had been established by the Mughal EmperorAkbar in the 16th century,[5] and was initially named in honour ofSir Colin Campbell.[6]
The city was initially founded by the Mughal emperorAkbar asAtak-Banāras (Urdu:اٹک بنارس).[6] The name was changed to Campbellpur to reflect that of the Commander-in-Chief of British forcesSir Colin Campbell, who rebuilt the city.[6] The name 'Attock' was revived in 1978.[6]
Attock is located east of theIndus River, 80 km (50 mi) fromRawalpindi, 100 km (62 mi) fromPeshawar, and 10 km (6 mi) from thePakistan Aeronautical Complex,Kamra.
Attock is located in the historical region ofGandhara.Alexander the Great,Mahmud of Ghazni,Timur,Nader Shah andBabur crossed the Indus at or about this spot (Attock Fort) in their invasions ofIndia.[8]
After the founding of the city by the Mughal emperor Akbar,[6] theAttock Fort was completed in 1583 under the supervision ofKhawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi, a minister of Akbar.[9] During the Mughal era, Attock was part of theLahore Subah of Punjab.[10]
Nader Shah crossed through Attock when he defeated the Mughals at theBattle of Karnal and thus ended Mughal power in Northern India.
Attock was then occupied by theMarathas in 1758 but this conquest was short-lived asAhmad Shah Durrani came in person to recapture Attock and checked the Maratha advance after destroying their forces atPanipat. After the decline of the Durrani state, theSikhs invaded and occupiedAttock District. TheSikh Kingdom (1799–1849) underRanjit Singh (1780–1839) captured the fortress of Attock in 1813 from the Durrani Nawab[citation needed]. After the occupation ofKashmir bySikh Kingdom in 1820 manyKashmiris migrated to the plains of Attock.
In February 1849,Attock Khurd (Old Attock) was conquered by theBritish East India Company who created Campbellpur District. Following theIndian Rebellion in 1857, the region's strategic value was appreciated by theBritish, who established theCampbellpur Cantonment in 1857–58.[4]
The Campbellpur Cantonment was established by the British colonial rulers in 1858. Campbellpur District was organised in 1904,[4] by the division ofTalagang Tehsil in theJhelum District with thePindigheb,Fateh Jang and Attock tehsils fromRawalpindi District. Today the Attock district consists of six tehsils:Fateh Jang, Hazro, Hasan Abdal, Jand, and Pindi Gheb.
The city's foundations were laid in 1908 and the city was named afterSir Colin Campbell,British Commander-in-Chief of India.[4] The old city was established near the 16th century near theAttock fort that had guarded the major routes betweenCentral Asia andSouth Asia. Attock's first oil well was drilled inKhaur in 1915,[11] while the Attock Oil Company was established[12] with a selling arrangement with theBurmah Oil Company. During 1928, the region produced 350,000 barrels of oil.[13]
Attock was one of the northernmost points of thePunjab Province ofBritish India prior to thepartition; it thus found itself being a part of the commonHindi-Urdu phrase used to describe the length ofcolonial India: "Attock se Cuttack" (from Attock toCuttack).The term "Attock se Cuttack" was first used to describe the extent of theMaratha Empire after they conquered Cuttack in 1750 and Attock in 1758.[14]
After theindependence ofPakistan in 1947,Hindu andSikh minorities emigrated to India, whileMuslim refugees from India settled in Attock. TheGovernment of Pakistan renamed Campbellpur as Attock in 1978.[5] The city and surrounding area are known for their high representation among soldiers of thePakistan Army.[15]
According to theAlif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings2019, Attock is ranked 3 out of146 districts of Pakistan in terms of the quality of education. For facilities and infrastructure, the district is ranked 17 out of 146.[16] A detailed picture of the district's education performance is also available online.[17]
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Institutions include:-Fazaia Degree College, Attock,Government Graduate College, Attock,Government College for Women, Attock,Allied School, Attock,FG Public High School,University of Education Attock Campus,Fazaia Inter College,Army Public School & College, Attock,Government Polytechnic Institute, Attock,[18]Beacon Light English Model Secondary School,[19]COMSATS University Islamabad,Air University Aerospace and Aviation Campus Kamra andPunjab College, Attock
Attock has ahumid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) which has hot and humid summers, and cold to mild winters.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Attock".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 886.
