| Attack on Altena Farm | |
|---|---|
| Part ofRhodesian Bush War | |
| Operational scope | Terrorist attack |
| Planned by | Rex Nhongo[1] |
| Target | Altena Farm |
| Date | 21 December 1972[2] 3:00 AM[3] |
| Executed by |  ZANLA |
| Outcome | Severe damage to Altena Farm |
| Casualties | One occupant slightly wounded[4] |
Theattack on Altena Farm occurred in the early hours of 21 December 1972, during the third phase of theRhodesian Bush War.[5]Altena was a tobacco farm owned by Marc de Borchgrave, awhite Rhodesian landowner who was unpopular among the local civilians.[2] Some sources have indicated that this marked the beginning of the conflict proper, despite the minor threat already represented by guerrilla movements inRhodesia in the late 1960s.[6]
Rhodesian intelligence, which had been monitoring ZANLA's activity and preparations, grew curious when over a four-week period in November 1972 sources of information suddenly began to "dry up", in the words of historian Alexandre Binda. "They sensed that something was afoot, but their superiors brushed off their fears," Binda says. "The senior Rhodesian authorities had been lulled into a sense of arrogant self-confidence based on the security forces' past successes." This false veneer of security was smashed on 21 December 1972 when a group of ten ZANLA cadres led byRex Nhongo[8] attacked the white-owned Altena Farm near the north-eastern village ofCentenary, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) west ofMount Darwin.
ZANLA had planned for four attacks to take place simultaneously but in the event only Nhongo's men did so.[9] According to the historian Elaine Windrich, Nhongo was a former employee of the tobacco farm's 37-year-old owner, Marc de Borchgrave, and held a grudge against him.
Having established a presence in the nearby Chiweshe Tribal Trust Territory, a cadre ofZimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) insurgents armed withAK-47s, hand grenades, and at least one light machine gun (most likely anRPD) trekked about six miles to reach Altena.[3] A list of white farmers in the Centenary district was drawn up and de Borchgrave was marked for elimination due to his poor reputation among black farmworkers. Farmers known for their popularity in the workforce were also identified and removed from the list of potential targets.[2] Cadre leaderRex Nhongo planned to carry out the attack and observe follow-up operations carried out by theRhodesian Security Forces.[2]
Around three o'clock that morning, the guerrillas cut the telephone lines and laid a land mine in the driveway.[2] Nhongo undertook a reconnaissance of the farmhouse before the attack commenced. Each insurgent then expended at least two magazines of ammunition apiece at the structure.[2] Hand grenades were also thrown.[3] Despite the damage caused to the structure, only de Borchgrave's eight-year-old daughter Jane was injured.
Deducing that Nhongo may have mined the driveway, de Borchgrave set off on foot to seek assistance.[4] The insurgents retreated, burning down what they believed to be a white-owned store during the withdrawal.[6] Rex Nhongo was later stopped and questioned by some members of theBritish South Africa Police, but as his identity documents were in order and he had concealed his weapons, he was not detained.[4]
Late on 22 December, a troop from theRhodesian Special Air Service, followed shortly by theRhodesian Light Infantry, reported to the police station in Centenary.[1] The land mine in Altena's driveway was discovered, disarmed and removed.[4] For their own safety, Marc de Borchgrave and his family were sent to another farm while their home was being repaired.[10]
Having been alerted to the de Borchgraves' new location through sympathetic farmworkers, guerrillas from the original cadre requested permission from ZANLA to carry out another attack. After ZANLA's area commanders in Centenary had been consulted, a raid on the second target (Whistlefield Farm) was planned.[10] The property was owned by an Archie Dalgleish.[1]
At about one o'clock on the morning of 23 December, the insurgents reconnoitred Whistlefield Farm and shelled the structure with mortar fire.[10] AnRPG-7 was also discharged at the window of the de Borchgraves' bedroom.[1] Several occupants, including de Borchgrave, were slightly wounded.[4] ZANLA claimed that Rhodesian troops posted within shouting distance of the home responded to the scene and saved the lives of Dalgleish and his guests by engaging the assailants.[10] Six huts and a mosque in the farmworkers' compound were also torched during the skirmish, although accounts differ on who started the fire.[10]