Atreus and his twin brotherThyestes were exiled by their father for murdering their half-brotherChrysippus in their desire for the throne ofOlympia. They took refuge inMycenae, where they ascended to the throne in the absence of KingEurystheus, who was fighting theHeracleidae. Eurystheus had meant for their stewardship to be temporary, but it became permanent after his death in battle, which ended the rule of thePerseid dynasty in Mycenae.
According to most ancient sources, Atreus was the father ofPleisthenes, but in some lyric poets (Ibycus,Bacchylides) Pleisthenides (son of Pleisthenes) is used as an alternative name for Atreus himself.
'Atreides' (Ἀτρείδης) is apatronymic form of Atreus which refers to one of his sons—Agamemnon orMenelaus.[2] The plural forms, deriving from theLatinAtreidae, itself fromAncient Greek 'Atreidai' (Ἀτρεῖδαι), refer to both sons collectively. 'Atreides' is commonly used to translate both the singular and plural form to English. The term can also be used for the more distant descendants of Atreus, also known as the 'House of Atreus' or the 'Atreid dynasty'. It has been suggested that the nameAttarsiya, belonging to anAhhiyawan king of 1400 BC, may be theHittite rendition of the Greek name.[3][4]
The 'House of Atreus' begins withTantalus. Tantalus, the son of Zeus and the maidenPluto, enjoyed cordial relations with the gods until he decided to slay his sonPelops and feed him to the gods as a test of their omniscience. Most of the gods, as they sat down to dinner with Tantalus, immediately understood what had happened, and, because they knew the nature of the meat they were served, were appalled and did not partake. ButDemeter, who was distracted due to the abduction byHades of her daughterPersephone, obliviously ate Pelops's shoulder. The gods threw Tantalus into theunderworld to spend eternity standing in a pool of water beneath a fruit tree with low branches. Whenever he reaches for the fruit, the branches raise his intended meal from his grasp. Whenever he bends down to get a drink, the water recedes before he can drink. Thus is derived the word "tantalizing" in English. The gods brought Pelops back to life, replacing the bone in his shoulder with a bit of ivory with the help of Hephaestus, thus marking the family forever afterwards.
Pelops marriedHippodamia after winning a chariot race against her father, KingOenomaus, by arranging for the sabotage of his would-be-father-in-law's chariot which resulted in his death, at which point the story diverges into multiple versions. The sabotage was arranged byMyrtilus, a servant of the king who was killed by Pelops for one of three reasons: 1) because he had been promised the right to take Hippodamia's virginity, which Pelops retracted; 2) because he attempted to rape her, or; 3) because Pelops did not wish to share the credit for the victory. As Myrtilus died, he cursed Pelops and his line, further adding to the house's curse.
Pelops and Hippodamia had many sons; two of them were Atreus andThyestes. Depending on myth versions, they murderedChrysippus, who was their half-brother. Because of the murder, Hippodamia, Atreus, and Thyestes were banished toMycenae, where Hippodamia is said to have hanged herself.
Atreus vowed to sacrifice his best lamb to Artemis. Upon searching his flock, however, Atreus discovered a golden lamb which he gave to his wife,Aerope, to hide from the goddess. She gave it to Thyestes, her lover and Atreus' brother, who then persuaded Atreus to agree that whoever had the lamb should be king. Thyestes produced the lamb and claimed the throne.
Atreus retook the throne using advice he received fromZeus, who sentHermes to him, advising him to make Thyestes agree that if the sun rose in the west and set in the east, the throne of the kingdom should be given back to Atreus. Thyestes agreed, but thenHelios did exactly that, rising where he usually set and setting where he usually rose, not standing the injustice of Thyestes' usurpation.[5] The people then bowed to the man who had managed to reverse the circuit of the Sun.[6]
Atreus and Thyestes
Atreus then learned of Thyestes' and Aerope's adultery and plotted revenge. He killed Thyestes' sons and cooked them, save their hands and feet. He tricked Thyestes into eating the flesh of his own sons and then taunted him with their hands and feet.[c] Thyestes was forced into exile foreating human flesh. Thyestes responded by asking an oracle what to do, who advised him to have a son by his daughter,Pelopia, who would then kill Atreus. However, when their sonAegisthus was first born, he was abandoned by his mother, who was ashamed of the incestuous act. A shepherd found the infant Aegisthus and gave him to Atreus, who raised him as his own son. Only as he entered adulthood did Thyestes reveal the truth to Aegisthus, that he was both father and grandfather to the boy. Aegisthus then killed Atreus, although not before Atreus and Aerope had had two sons,Agamemnon andMenelaus, and a daughterAnaxibia.
Agamemnon marriedClytemnestra, and Menelaus marriedHelen, her famously attractive sister. Helen later left Sparta withParis of Troy, and Menelaus called on all of his wife's former suitors to help him take her back.
Agamemnon, Iphigenia, Clytemnestra, Aegisthus, Orestes and Electra
Prior to sailing off to war against Troy, Agamemnon had angered the goddessArtemis because he had killed a sacred deer in a sacred grove, and had then boasted that he was a better hunter than she was. When the time came, Artemis stilled the winds so that Agamemnon's fleet could not sail. A prophet namedCalchas told him that in order to appease Artemis, Agamemnon would have to sacrifice the most precious thing that had come to his possession in the year he killed the sacred deer. This was his first-born daughter,Iphigenia. He sent word home for her to come (in some versions of the story on the pretense that she was to be married toAchilles). Iphigenia accepted her father's choice and was honored to be a part of the war. Clytemnestra tried to stop Iphigenia but was sent away. After doing the deed, Agamemnon's fleet was able to get under way.
While he was fighting the Trojans, his wife Clytemnestra, enraged by the murder of her daughter, began an affair with Aegisthus. When Agamemnon returned home he brought with him a new concubine, the doomed prophetess,Cassandra. Upon his arrival that evening, before the great banquet she had prepared, Clytemnestra drew a bath for him and when he came out of the bath, she put the royal purple robe on him which had no opening for his head. He was confused and tangled up. Clytemnestra then stabbed him to death.
Agamemnon's only son,Orestes, was quite young when his mother killed his father. He was sent into exile. In some versions he was sent away by Clytemnestra to avoid having him present during the murder of Agamemnon; in others his sisterElectra herself rescued the infant Orestes and sent him away to protect him from their mother. In both versions he was the legitimate heir apparent and as such a potential danger to his usurper uncle.
Goaded by his sister Electra, Orestes swore revenge. He knew it was his duty to avenge his father's death, but saw also that in doing so he would have to kill his mother. He was torn between avenging his father and sparing his mother. 'It was a son's duty to kill his father's murderers, a duty that came before all others. But a son who killed his mother was abhorrent to gods and to men'.
When he prayed toApollo, the god advised him to kill his mother. Orestes realized that he must work out the curse on his house, exact vengeance and pay with his own ruin. After Orestes murdered Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus, he wandered the land with guilt in his heart. After many years, with Apollo by his side, he pleaded to Athena. No descendant of Atreus had ever done so noble an act and 'neither he nor any descendant of his would ever again be driven into evil by the irresistible power of the past.' Thus Orestes ended the curse of the House of Atreus.
Plato in his dialogueThe Statesman tells a "famous tale" that "the sun and the stars once rose in the west, and set in the east, and that the god reversed their motion, and gave them that which they now have as a testimony to the right of Atreus."[8]Virgil, in book IV of theAeneid, refers to the House of Atreus and specificallyOrestes in describing the death ofDido.[9]
There is a possible reference to Atreus in aHittite text known as the "Indictment ofMadduwatta". The indictment describes several army clashes between the Greeks and the Hittites which took place around the late 15th or early 14th centuries BC. The Greek leader was a man called Attarsiya, and some scholars have speculated that Attarsiya or Attarissiya was the Hittite way of writing the Greek name Atreus.[10][11] Other scholars argue that even though the name is probably Greek (since the man is described as anAhhiyawa) and related to Atreus, the person carrying the name is not necessarily identical to the famous Atreus.[12]
^Bryce, Trevor R., "The Trojan War: Is There Truth Behind the Legend?",Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 65, No. 3. (Sep. 2002), p. 193.doi:10.2307/3210883.JSTOR3210883.
^R. S. P. Beekes,Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 158.
^M. L. West, "Atreus and Attarissiyas",Glotta, vol. 77 (2004), pp. 262–266.JSTOR40267129. He suggests thatAtreus is a secondary form based on thepatronymicAtreïdēs, which is in turn derived from the Mycenaean *Atrehiās.
^Herbert, Frank (2019).God Emperor of Dune (Ace premium ed.). New York: ACE/Berkley. p. 17.ISBN9780593098257.