Athīr al-Dīn al-Mufaḍḍal ibn ʿUmar ibn al-Mufaḍḍal al-Samarqandī al-Abharī (Persian): اثیرالدین مُفَضَّل بن عمر بن مَفَضَّل سمرقندی ابهری; d. 1262 or 1265^[2][3] also known asAthīr al-Dīn al-Munajjim (اثیرالدین منجم) was an Iranian Muslimpolymath,philosopher,astronomer,astrologer andmathematician. Other than his influential writings, he had many disciples.^{[citation needed]}

His birthplace is contested among sources. According to theEncyclopaedia of Islam^[2] and theEncyclopaedia Islamica,^[4] he was born inAbhar, a small town betweenQazvin andZanjan in the North-West of Iran. The claim of G.C. Anawati making him a native of Mosul in Iraq, taken from the fact that al-Abharī was educated by a scientist from Mosul,Kamāl al-Dīn ibn Yūnus al-Mawṣilī, must also been dismissed.^[3] None of his oldest biographers mentioned Mosul as his birthplace,^[4] and al-Abharī himself indicated that he had gone to Mosul for this purpose.^[3] Beside the city of Abhar, the epithet al-Abharī could suggest that he or his ancestors originally stem from the Abhar tribe.^[1]

In his youth al-Abharī was a student of the theologianFakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, probably in the city ofGhazni orHerat. Beside philosophy and logic, from al-Rāzī it is likely that al-Abharī received an orthodox Sunni instruction in theology (kalām), jurisprudence (fiqh), and Qur’anic exegesis (tafsīr).^[3] When Mongol tookKhwarezmian Empire, al-Abharī, in 1228 he flew toErbil, then toDamascus, where he studied to Muḥyī al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Sa‘īd b. Nadī.^[3] Then he went to Mosul, where he studied mathematics, especially astronomy, under the direction of Kamāl al-Dīn al-Mawṣilī.^[2][3]

Among his students wereNajm al-Din al-Qazwini al-Katibi,Abū Zakariya al-Qazwini, andIbn Khallikān.^[5][2]

According to most accounts, al-Abharī died in Mosul between 660/1261–62 and 663/1264–65,^[2] during the reign ofKhān Hülegü.^[3]

Astronomy

• Risāla fī al-hayʾa (رساله الهیئة; lit. Treatise on astronomy).
• Mukhtaṣar fī al-hayʾa (مختصر فی علم الهیئة; lit. Epitome on astronomy).
• Kashf al-ḥaqāʾiq fī taḥrīr al-daqāʾiq (كشف الحقائق فی تحریر الدقائق), where he accepts the view that thecelestial bodies do not change and maintains that stars have volition and it is the source of their motion.^[1]

Mathematics

• Several works on Iṣlāḥ (اصلاح; lit. Correction) ofEuclid, one of which is an attempt to prove theparallel postulate, which was commented upon and criticized byShams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī.^[1]

Philosophy

• Hidāyah al-Hikmah (هدایةالحکمه; lit. Guide on Philosophy): a book dealing with the complete cycle of Hikmat, i.e.,logic,natural philosophy, andmetaphysics.
• Isāghūjī fi al-Manṭiq (ایساغوجی فی المنطق; Commentary onPorphyry'sIsagoge), a treatise onlogic. Latin Translation byThomas Obicini;Īsāghūkhī, Isagoge. Id est, breve Introductorium Arabicum in Scientiam Logices: cum versione latina: ac theses Sanctae Fidei. R. P. F. Thomae Novariensis (1625).

• Sarıoğlu, Hüseyin (2007)."Abharī: Athīr al-Dīn al-Mufaḍḍal ibn ʿUmar ibn al-Mufaḍḍal al-Samarqandī al-Abharī". In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.).The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 7–8.ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. (PDF version)
• Masjid Darus Salam. "al- Abharī, At̲h̲īr al-Dīn Mufaḍḍal b. ʿUmar."A Brief Biographical Sketch of Imām Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī By Mohammad Mustafa Ali (4th Year Alim Student, DarusSalam Seminary).

• Calverley, Edwin E. (1933). "Al-Abharī's "Isāghūjī fi l-Manṭiq"".Macdonald.

• Isagoge of al-Ahbārī with Latin translation and a theological treatise by Thomas Obicini (Gallica, Bibliothèque nationale de France).

• 1260s deaths
• 13th-century Iranian mathematicians
• 13th-century Iranian astronomers
• People from Abhar
• 13th-century Iranian philosophers

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