Atal Bihari Vajpayee[1] (25 December 1924 – 16 August 2018) was an Indian poet, writer and statesman who served as theprime minister of India, first for a term of 13 days in 1996, then for a period of 13 months from 1998 to 1999, followed by a full term from1999 to2004.[2] He was the first non-Congress prime minister to serve a full term in the office. Vajpayee was one of the co-founders and a senior leader of theBharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was a volunteer and full-time functionary (pracharak)[3] of theRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), aright-wingHindutvaparamilitary volunteer organisation. He was also aHindi poet and a writer.[4][5]The Sangh's emphasis on self-cultivation and disciplined nation-building left a lasting mark on Vajpayee's early worldview.[6] Scholars have observed that Vajpayee combined cultural nationalism with political moderation, shaping a distinctive strand of post-Independence Indian conservatism rooted in civilisational identity. His speeches and poetry are noted for blending political pragmatism with themes drawn from India's cultural and philosophical traditions.
Vajpayee represented a current in Hindu nationalism that sought to harmonise cultural identity with democratic pluralism.[7][8][9]
Duringhis tenure as prime minister, India carried out thePokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998. India's emerging Nuclear posture connects national self-assertion with Vajpayee's doctrine.[10] Vajpayee sought to improvediplomatic relations with Pakistan,travelling to Lahore by bus to meet with Prime Minister,Nawaz Sharif. After the1999 Kargil War with Pakistan, he sought to restore relations through engagement with PresidentPervez Musharraf, inviting him to India for a summit atAgra. Vajpayee's government introduced manydomestic economic andinfrastructural reforms, including encouraging the private sector and foreign investments, reducinggovernmental waste, encouraging research and development, and the privatisation of some government owned corporations.[11] During Vajpayee's tenure, India faced major security challenges, including the 1999 Kargil intrusion by Pakistan-backed forces, the2001 Indian Parliament attack carried out by Pakistan-based jihadist groups, and a series of high-casualty terrorist strikes in Jammu and Kashmir. The Parliament attack in particular led to Operation Parakram, one of the largest post-Independence military mobilisations, and significantly altered India's national-security posture. The2002 Gujarat riots followed the burning of coach S-6 of the Sabarmati Express at Godhra, in which 59 passengers—mostly Ram Sevaks returning from Ayodhya—were killed after a mob attacked the train from outside and set it on fire. Although the riots drew national and international criticism, scholars note that Vajpayee's defeat in the2004 general election was more directly linked to economic factors, rural distress, and the miscalculated “India Shining” campaign rather than any single event.
Vajpayee did his primary schooling at the Saraswati Shishu Mandir,Gwalior and high school education from the Gorkhi School,Gwalior.[16] He subsequently attended Gwalior's Victoria College, (nowMaharani Laxmi Bai Govt. College of Excellence) where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Hindi, English andSanskrit. Later for master's degree theScindia dynasty of erstwhileGwalior state sanctioned him monthly scholarship of Rs 75 and with this scholarship support he completed his post-graduation with a Master of Arts in political science fromDAV College, Kanpur,Agra University.[13][17][18]Commentators note that the discipline and cultural outlook of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh influenced Vajpayee's early understanding of Indian nationhood, particularly its emphasis on social reform, self-cultivation, and civilisational continuity.[19]
Early works as activist
His activism started inGwalior with Arya Kumar Sabha, the youth wing of theArya Samaj movement, of which he became the general secretary in 1944. He also joined theRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) in 1939 as aswayamsevak, or volunteer inGwalior at the age of 12 years. Influenced byBabasaheb Apte, he attended the Officers Training Camp of the RSS during 1940 to 1944, becoming apracharak (RSS terminology for a full-time worker) in 1947. He gave up studying law due to thepartition riots. He was sent to Uttar Pradesh as avistarak (a probationarypracharak) and soon began working for the newspapers ofDeendayal Upadhyaya:Rashtradharma (a Hindi monthly),Panchjanya (a Hindi weekly), and the dailiesSwadesh andVeer Arjun.[17][20][21]
Although the RSS had chosen not to participate in theQuit India Movement, in August 1942, Vajpayee, along with elder brother Prem. was arrested for 24 days during the Quit India Movement. He was released after giving a written statement that while he was a part of the crowd, he did not participate in the militant events in Bateshwar on 27 August 1942. Throughout his life, including after he became prime minister, Vajpayee has labelled the allegation of participation in the Quit India Movement to be a false rumour and that he never visited Bateshwar during Quit India Movement.[22]
He was influenced byJawaharlal Nehru to the extent that he mirrored his style, diction, and tone of his speeches.[23][24] Nehru's influence was also evident in Vajpayee's leadership.[25] In the Lok Sabha his oratorial skills so impressed Prime Minister Nehru that he predicted that Vajpayee would someday become the prime minister of India.[26][27][28] On the occasion ofNehru's death on 27 May 1964, Vajpayee termed him as "the orchestrator of the impossible and inconceivable" and likened him to Hindu godRama.[29][30]
Vajpayee's oratorial skills won him the reputation of being the most eloquent defender of the Jana Sangh's policies.[31] After the death of Upadhyaya, the leadership of the Jana Sangh passed to Vajpayee.[32] He became the national president of the Jana Sangh in 1968,[33] running the party along withNanaji Deshmukh,Balraj Madhok andL. K. Advani.[32]
Political philosophy
Analysts describe Vajpayee's political outlook as a synthesis of cultural nationalism, democratic pluralism, and pragmatic statecraft. His speeches frequently invoked India's long civilisational history, presenting national development as a moral and cultural project as much as a political one. Several scholars identify his approach as a conciliatory variant of Indian conservatism that sought to bring traditional cultural values into engagement with modern democratic governance.[34] Civilisational nation-building narrative started by Vajpayee paved the roots of upcoming BJP Modi government's policies of India First, etc.[35]
Janata Party and the BJP (1975–1995)
Vajpayee addressing a political rally in 1977.
Vajpayee was arrested along with several other opposition leaders during theInternal Emergency imposed by Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi in 1975.[15][36] Initially interned inBangalore, Vajpayee appealed his imprisonment on the grounds of bad health, and was moved to a hospital in Delhi.[37] In December 1976, Vajpayee ordered the student activists of theABVP to tender an unconditional apology to Indira Gandhi for perpetrating violence and disorder.[38][39] The ABVP student leaders refused to obey his order.[38][40]
Foreign Minister Vajpayee (far right), PresidentNeelam Sanjiva Reddy (far left) and Prime MinisterMorarji Desai (third from right, front row) with US PresidentJimmy Carter during his 1978 visit to India.
In 1979, Desai and Vajpayee resigned, triggering the collapse of the Janata Party.[37][45] The erstwhile members of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh came together to form theBharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in 1980, with Vajpayee as its first President.[46]
The 1984 general elections were held in the wake of Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi's assassination by her Sikh bodyguards. While he had won the 1977 and the 1980 elections from New Delhi, Vajpayee shifted to his home town Gwalior for the election.[49]
Vidya Razdan was initially tipped to be the Congress candidate. Instead,Madhavrao Scindia, scion of theGwalior royal family, was brought in on the last day of filing nominations.[50] Vajpayee lost to Scindia, managing to secure only 29% of the votes.[49]
Under Vajpayee, the BJP moderated the Hindu-nationalist position of the Jana Sangh, emphasising its connection to the Janata Party and expressing support forGandhian Socialism.[51] The ideological shift did not bring it success and Indira Gandhi's assassination generated sympathy for the Congress, leading to a massive victory at the polls. The BJP won only two seats in parliament.[51] Vajpayee offered to quit as party president following BJP's dismal performance in the election,[52] but stayed in the post until 1986.[53] He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1986 from Madhya Pradesh,[54] and was briefly the leader of the BJP in Parliament.[55]
In 1986,L. K. Advani took office as president of the BJP.[56] Under him, the BJP returned to a policy of hardline Hindu nationalism.[51] It became the political voice of theRam Janmabhoomi Mandir Movement, which sought to build a temple dedicated to the Hindu deityRama inAyodhya. The temple would be built at a site believed to be the birthplace of Rama after demolishing a 16th-century mosque, called theBabri Masjid, which then stood there.[57] The strategy paid off for the BJP; it won 86 seats in the Lok Sabha in the1989 general election, making its support crucial to the government ofV. P. Singh.[51] In December 1992, a group of religious volunteers led by members of the BJP, theRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and theVishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP),tore down the mosque.[58][31]
He served as Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha, for various terms starting at Balrampur from 1957–1962. He served again from Balrampur from 1967–1971, then from Gwalior from 1971–1977, and then from New Delhi from 1977–1984. Finally, he served from Lucknow from 1991–2009.[59]
During a BJP conference in Mumbai in November 1995, BJP President Advani declared that Vajpayee would be the party's prime ministerial candidate in the forthcoming elections. Vajpayee himself was reported to be unhappy with the announcement, responding by saying that the party needed to win the election first.[60] The BJP became the single largest party in Parliament in the1996 general election, helped by religious polarisation across the country as a result of the demolition of the Babri Masjid.[61][62] Indian presidentShankar Dayal Sharma invited Vajpayee to form the government.[63] Vajpayee was sworn in as the 10th prime minister of India,[64] but the BJP failed to muster a majority among members of the Lok Sabha. Vajpayee resigned after 16 days, when it became clear that he did not have enough support to form a government.[64][65] In this short period, he also created and administered theMinistry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.
After the fall of the twoUnited Front governments between 1996 and 1998, the Lok Sabha was dissolved and fresh elections were held. The1998 general elections again put the BJP ahead of others. A number of political parties joined the BJP to form theNational Democratic Alliance (NDA), and Vajpayee was sworn in as the prime minister.[66] The coalition was an uneasy one,[42] as apart from theShiv Sena, none of the other parties espoused the BJP's Hindu-nationalist ideology.[67] Vajpayee has been credited for managing this coalition successfully, while facing ideological pressure from the hardline wing of the party and from the RSS.[37] Vajpayee's government lasted 13 months until mid-1999 when theAll India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) underJ. Jayalalithaa withdrew its support.[68] The government lost the ensuing vote of confidence motion in the Lok Sabha by a single vote on 17 April 1999.[69] As the opposition was unable to come up with the numbers to form the new government, the Lok Sabha was again dissolved and fresh elections were held.[70]
In May 1998, India conductedfive underground nuclear tests in thePokhran desert inRajasthan, 24 years after its first nuclear test, operationSmiling Buddha in 1974. Two weeks later, Pakistan responded with its own nuclear tests making it the newest nation with declared nuclear capability.[71] While some nations, such as France, endorsed India's right to defensive nuclear power,[72] others including the United States, Canada, Japan, Britain and theEuropean Union imposed sanctions on information, resources and technology to India. In spite of intense international criticism and steady decline in foreign investment and trade, the nuclear tests were popular domestically. In effect, the international sanctions imposed failed to sway India from weaponising its nuclear capability. US sanctions against India and Pakistan were eventually lifted after just six months.[73]Several commentators interpreted the tests as an assertion of strategic autonomy and national self-confidence, consistent with Vajpayee's view of India as a civilisational state entitled to a secure and independent global role. Srinath Raghavan notes international support India gained during and after the Kargil War.[74]
Lahore summit
In late 1998 and early 1999, Vajpayee began a push for a full-scale diplomatic peace process with Pakistan. With the historic inauguration of the Delhi-Lahore bus service in February 1999, Vajpayee initiated a new peace process aimed towards permanently resolving the Kashmir dispute and other conflicts with Pakistan. The resultantLahore Declaration espoused a commitment to dialogue, expanded trade relations and mutual friendship and envisaged a goal of denuclearised South Asia. This eased the tension created by the 1998 nuclear tests, not only within the two nations but also in South Asia and the rest of the world.[75][76]
AIADMK's withdrawal from the NDA
The AIADMK had continually threatened to withdraw from the coalition and national leaders repeatedly flew down from Delhi to Chennai to pacify the AIADMK general secretaryJ. Jayalalithaa. However, in May 1999, the AIADMK withdrew from NDA, and the Vajpayee administration was reduced to a caretaker status pendingfresh elections scheduled for October 1999.[77]
Kargil War
Prime Minister Vajpayee with Indian troops and other dignitaries at Kargil after the war in 1999
In May 1999 some Kashmiri shepherds discovered the presence of militants and non-uniformed Pakistani soldiers (many with official identifications andPakistan Army's custom weaponry) in the Kashmir Valley, where they had taken control of border hilltops and unmanned border posts. The incursion was centred around the town ofKargil, but also included theBatalik andAkhnoor sectors and artillery exchanges at theSiachen Glacier.[78][79]
The Indian army responded with Operation Vijay, which launched on 26 May 1999. This saw the Indian military fighting thousands of militants and soldiers in the midst of heavy artillery shelling and while facing extremely cold weather, snow and treacherous terrain at the high altitude.[80] Over 500 Indian soldiers were killed in the three-month-long Kargil War, and it is estimated around 600–4,000 Pakistani militants and soldiers died as well.[81][82][83][84] India pushed back the Pakistani militants andNorthern Light Infantry soldiers. Almost 70% of the territory was recaptured by India.[80] Vajpayee sent a "secret letter" to U.S. PresidentBill Clinton that if Pakistani infiltrators did not withdraw from the Indian territory, "we will get them out, one way or the other".[85]
After Pakistan suffered heavy losses, and with both the United States and China refusing to condone the incursion or threaten India to stop its military operations, GeneralPervez Musharraf wasrecalcitrant andNawaz Sharif asked the remaining militants to stop and withdraw to positions along the LoC.[86] The militants were not willing to accept orders from Sharif but theNLI soldiers withdrew.[86] The militants were killed by the Indian army or forced to withdraw in skirmishes which continued even after the announcement of withdrawal by Pakistan.[86]
Analysts highlighted Vajpayee's leadership during the conflict as balancing military firmness with diplomatic restraint, contributing to India's ability to maintain international support while defending its territorial integrity.[87][88]
The1999 general elections were held in the aftermath of the Kargil operations. The BJP-led NDA won 303 seats out of the 543 seats in the Lok Sabha, securing a comfortable and stable majority.[89] On 13 October 1999, Vajpayee took oath as the prime minister of India for the third time.[90]
A national crisis emerged in December 1999, whenIndian Airlines flight IC 814 fromKathmandu to New Delhi was hijacked by five terrorists and flown toTaliban-ruled Afghanistan.[91] The hijackers made several demands including the release of certain terrorists likeMasood Azhar from prison. Under pressure, the government ultimately caved in.Jaswant Singh, the then minister of external affairs, flew with the terrorists to Afghanistan and exchanged them for the passengers.[92]
In March 2000,Bill Clinton, the President of the United States, paid a state visit to India.[93] This was the first state visit to India by a U.S. president in 22 years, since President Jimmy Carter's visit in 1978.[94] President Clinton's visit was hailed as a significant milestone in relations between the two nations.[93] Vajpayee and Clinton had wide-ranging discussions on bilateral, regional and international developments.[95] The visit led to expansion in trade and economic ties between India and the United States.[96] A vision document on the future course of Indo-U.S. relations was signed during the visit.[97]
Domestically, the BJP-led government was influenced by the RSS, but owing to its dependence on coalition support, it was impossible for the BJP to push items like building the Ram Janmabhoomi temple in Ayodhya, repealingArticle 370 which gave a special status to the state of Kashmir, or enacting auniform civil code applicable to adherents of all religions. On 17 January 2000, there were reports of the RSS and some BJP hard-liners threatening to restart the Jan Sangh, the precursor to the BJP, because of their discontent over Vajpayee's rule. Former president of the Jan Sangh Balraj Madhok had written a letter to the then-RSS chiefRajendra Singh for support.[98] The BJP was, however, accused of "saffronising" the official state education curriculum and apparatus, saffron being the colour of the RSS flag of the RSS, and a symbol of the Hindu nationalism movement.[99] Home Minister L. K. Advani and the Human Resource Development Minister (now called Education Minister)[100]Murli Manohar Joshi were indicted in the 1992Babri Mosque demolition case for inciting a mob of activists. Vajpayee himself came under public scrutiny owing to his controversial speech one day prior to the mosque demolition.[101]
These years were accompanied by infighting in the administration and confusion regarding the direction of government.[102][103] Vajpayee's weakening health was also a subject of public interest, and he underwent a major knee-replacement surgery at theBreach Candy Hospital in Mumbai to relieve intense pressure upon his legs.[104]
In March 2001, theTehelka group released a sting operation video namedOperation West End which showed BJP presidentBangaru Laxman, senior army officers and NDA members accepting bribes from journalists posing as agents and businessmen.[105][106] The Defence MinisterGeorge Fernandes was forced to resign following theBarak Missile scandal involving the botched supplies of coffins for the soldiers killed in Kargil, and the findings of an inquiry commission that the government could have prevented the Kargil invasion.[107]
Vajpayee initiated talks with Pakistan and invited Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf toAgra for ajoint summit. President Musharraf was believed to be the principal architect of the Kargil War in India.[108] By accepting him as thePresident of Pakistan, Vajpayee chose to move forward leaving behind the Kargil War. But after three days of much fanfare, which included Musharraf visiting his birthplace in Delhi, the summit failed to achieve a breakthrough as President Musharraf declined to leave aside the issue of Kashmir.[109]
On 13 December 2001, a group of masked, armed men with fake IDs stormedParliament House in Delhi.[110] The terrorists managed to kill several security guards, but the building was sealed off swiftly and security forces cornered and killed the men who were later proven to be Pakistan nationals.[111] Vajpayee ordered Indian troops to mobilise for war, leading to an estimated 500,000[112] to 750,000[113] Indian soldiers positioned along the international border between India and Pakistan under Operation Parakram. Pakistan responded by mobilising its own troops along the border leading to the2001-2002 military standoff.[112] A terrorist attack on an army garrison in Kashmir in May 2002 further escalated the situation. As the threat of war between two nuclear capable countries and the consequent possibility of a nuclear exchange loomed large, international diplomatic mediation focused on defusing the situation.[114] In October 2002, both India and Pakistan announced that they would withdraw their troops from the border.[113]
The Vajpayee administration brought in thePrevention of Terrorism Act in 2002. The act was aimed at curbing terrorist threats by strengthening powers of government authorities to investigate and act against suspects.[115][116] It was passed in a joint session of the parliament, amidst concerns that the law would be misused.[117]
Another political disaster hit his government between December 2001 and March 2002 with the VHP and the Government engaging in a major standoff inAyodhya over theRam temple. On the 10th anniversary of the destruction of theBabri mosque, the VHP wanted to perform ashila daan, or a ceremony laying the foundation stone of the cherished temple at the disputed site.[118] Thousands of VHP activists amassed and threatened to overrun the site and forcibly perform the ceremony.[119][120] A threat of communal violence and breakdown of law and order owing to the defiance of the government by a religious organisation hung over the nation. The incident, however, ended peacefully with a symbolic handover of a stone at a different location 1 km away from the disputed site.[121]
National security and major crises (1998–2004)
Vajpayee's tenure was marked by several major national-security crises arising from cross-border terrorism and Pakistan's military strategy. Within weeks of his taking office, the government authorised a series of nuclear tests at Pokhran in May 1998, publicly affirming India's nuclear-weapons status and leading to a subsequent shift in regional deterrence dynamics.[122]In 1999, India confronted the Kargil intrusion, in which Pakistan Army troops and Pakistan-backed militants occupied positions on the Indian side of the Line of Control. The conflict required high-altitude military operations and resulted in India restoring control over the occupied heights. Scholarly assessments describe the Kargil conflict as an attempt by Pakistan to unilaterally alter the territorial status quo under the cover of nuclear deterrence.[123]Despite Vajpayee's outreach at the Lahore Summit (1999), cross-border terrorism intensified. India experienced a series of high-casualty attacks in Jammu and Kashmir, targeting civilians, pilgrims and security personnel. The most serious incident occurred on 13 December 2001, when militants belonging to Pakistan-based jihadist organisations attacked the Indian Parliament complex. The assault, aimed at the core of India's constitutional system, triggered Operation Parakram (2001–02), one of the largest military mobilisations in post-Independence history. The mobilisation brought India and Pakistan close to open war and prompted a reassessment of India's defensive and offensive doctrines.[124]Vajpayee's later term also witnessed further terrorist strikes, including the 2002 Kaluchak massacre in Jammu and Kashmir and attacks on security installations. Analysts note that the period was defined by the dual challenge of managing nuclear-era strategic stability while confronting persistent state-sponsored terrorism.[125]
In February 2002, a train filled with Hindu pilgrims returning to Gujarat fromAyodhya stopped in the town ofGodhra. A scuffle broke out between Hindu activists and Muslim residents, and the train was set on fire, leading to the deaths of 59 people. The charred bodies of the victims were displayed in public in the city ofAhmedabad, and theVishwa Hindu Parishad called for a statewide strike in Gujarat. These decisions stoked anti-Muslim sentiments.[126] Blaming Muslims for the deaths, rampaging Hindu mobs killed thousands of Muslim men and women, destroying Muslim homes and places of worship. The violence raged for more than two months, and more than 1,000 people died.[127] Gujarat was being ruled by a BJP government, withNarendra Modi as the chief minister. The state government was criticised for mishandling the situation.[128] It was accused of doing little to stop the violence, and even being complicit in encouraging it.[129][127]
Vajpayee reportedly wanted to remove Modi but was eventually prevailed upon by party members to not act against him.[130][131] He travelled to Gujarat, visiting Godhra, and Ahmedabad, the site of the most violent riots. He announced financial aid for victims and urged an end to the violence.[132] While he condemned the violence,[133] he did not chastise Modi directly in public. When asked as to what his message to the chief minister in the event of the riots would be, Vajpayee responded that Modi must followraj dharma, Hindi for ethical governance.[132]
At the meeting of the BJP national executive in Goa in April 2002, Vajpayee's speech generated controversy for its contents which included him saying: "Wherever Muslims live, they don't like to live in co-existence with others."[134][135] ThePrime Minister's Office stated that these remarks had been taken out of context.[136] Vajpayee was accused of doing nothing to stop the violence, and later admitted mistakes in handling the events.[137]K. R. Narayanan, thenpresident of India, also blamed Vajpayee's government for failing to quell the violence.[138] After the BJP's defeat in the 2004 general elections, Vajpayee admitted that not removing Modi had been a mistake.[139]
Later years
Prime Minister Vajpayee speaking at a special session to commemorate the 200th session ofRajya Sabha in 2003.
In late 2002 and 2003 the government pushed through economic reforms.[140]Vajpayee's economic reforms and national renewal has been described well by Gurcharan Das.[141] The country's GDP growth exceeded 7% every year from 2003 to 2007, following three years of sub-5% growth.[142] Increasing foreign investment,[140] modernisation of public and industrial infrastructure, the creation of jobs, a rising high-tech and IT industry and urban modernisation and expansion improved the nation's international image. Good crop harvests and strong industrial expansion also helped the economy.[143]
In May 2003, he announced before the parliament that he would make one last effort to achieve peace with Pakistan. The announcement ended a period of 16 months, following the 2001 attack on the Indian parliament, during which India had severed diplomatic ties with Pakistan.[144] Although diplomatic relations did not pick up immediately, visits were exchanged by high-level officials and the military standoff ended. The Pakistani President and Pakistani politicians, civil and religious leaders hailed this initiative as did the leaders of the United States, Europe and much of the world. In July 2003, Prime Minister Vajpayee visited China and met with various Chinese leaders. He recognisedTibet as a part of China, which was welcomed by the Chinese leadership, and which, in the following year, recognisedSikkim as part of India.China–India relations improved greatly in the following years.[145]
2004 general election
Prime Minister Vajpayee casting his vote at a polling booth inLucknow,Uttar Pradesh, during the 2004 general election.
In 2003, news reports suggested a tussle within the BJP with regard to sharing of leadership between Vajpayee and Deputy Prime Minister LK Advani.[146][147] BJP presidentVenkaiah Naidu had suggested that Advani must lead the party politically at the 2004 general elections, referring to Vajpayee asvikas purush, Hindi for development man, and Advani asloh purush, iron man.[148] When Vajpayee subsequently threatened retirement, Naidu backtracked, announcing that the party would contest the elections under the twin leadership of Vajpayee and Advani.[149]
The NDA was widely expected to retain power after the2004 general election. It announced elections six months ahead of schedule, hoping to capitalise on economic growth, and Vajpayee's peace initiative with Pakistan.[150][151] The13th Lok Sabha was dissolved before the completion of its term. The BJP hoped to capitalise on a perceived 'feel-good factor' and BJP's recent successes in the Assembly elections in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh andChhattisgarh. Under the "India Shining" campaign, it released ads proclaiming the economic growth of the nation under the government.[152][153]
However, the BJP could only win 138 seats in the 543-seat parliament,[154] with several prominent cabinet ministers being defeated.[151] The NDA coalition won 185 seats. The Indian National Congress, led bySonia Gandhi, emerged as the single largest party, winning 145 seats in the election. The Congress and its allies, comprising many smaller parties, formed theUnited Progressive Alliance, accounting for 220 seats in the parliament.[154] Vajpayee resigned as prime minister.[155] The UPA, with the outside support of communist parties, formed the next government withManmohan Singh as the prime minister.[156] Later, his aide Shiv Kumar Pareek revealed he didn't wanted earlier polls and sensed the defeat earlier.[157]
Policies
Vajpayee's government introduced many domestic economic and infrastructural reforms, including encouraging the private sector and foreign investments, reducing governmental waste, encouraging research and development and privatisation of some government owned corporations.[11] Among Vajpayee's projects were theNational Highways Development Project andPradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana.[158][159] In 2001, the Vajpayee government launched theSarva Shiksha Abhiyan campaign, aimed at improving the quality of education in primary and secondary schools.[160][161]
In December 2005, Vajpayee announced his retirement from active politics, declaring that he would not contest in the next general election. In a famous statement at the BJP's silver jubilee rally at Mumbai'sShivaji Park, Vajpayee announced that "Henceforth,Lal Krishna Advani andPramod Mahajan will be theRam-Lakshman [the two godly brothers much revered and worshipped by Hindus of the BJP."[162]
In 2007, Trinamool Congress leader Mamata Banerjee proposed his name for 2007 presidential polls, but he denied it.[163][a]
Vajpayee was referred to as theBhishma Pitamah of Indian politics by former prime minister Manmohan Singh during a speech in theRajya Sabha, a reference to the character in the Hindu epicMahabharata who was held in respect by two warring sides.[165]
Vajpayee was hospitalised atAll India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi (AIIMS) for a chest infection and fever on 6 February 2009. He was put on ventilator support as his condition worsened but he eventually recuperated and was later discharged.[166] Unable to participate in the campaign for the2009 general election due to his poor health, he wrote a letter urging voters to back the BJP.[167] His protegeLalji Tandon was able to retain theLucknow seat in that election even though the NDA suffered electoral reverses all over the country. It was speculated that Vajpayee's non-partisan appeal contributed to Lalji's success in Lucknow in contrast to that BJP's poor performance elsewhere inUttar Pradesh.[168]
Prime Minister of India; Minister of External Affairs; and also incharge of Ministries/Departments not specifically allocated to the charge of any Minister
Vajpayee remained a bachelor for his entire life.[169] He adopted and raised Namita Bhattacharya as his own child, the daughter of longtime friendRajkumari Kaul and her husband B. N. Kaul. His adopted family lived with him.[170]
Unlike puristBrahmins who shun meat and alcohol, Vajpayee was known to be fond ofwhisky and meat.[171][172] He was a noted poet, writing in Hindi. Hispublished works includeKaidi Kaviraj Ki Kundalian, a collection of poems written during the 1975–1977 emergency, andAmar aag hai.[173] With regard to his poetry he wrote
"My poetry is a declaration of war, not anexordium to defeat. It is not the defeated soldier's drumbeat of despair, but the fighting warrior's will to win. It is not the despirited voice of dejection but the stirring shout of victory."[174]
Vajpayee had a stroke in 2009 which impaired his speech.[175] His health had been a major source of concern; reports said he was reliant on a wheelchair and failed to recognise people. He also haddementia and long-termdiabetes. For many years, he had not attended any public engagements and rarely ventured out of the house, except for checkups at theAll India Institutes of Medical Sciences.[175][176]
On 11 June 2018, Vajpayee was admitted to AIIMS in critical condition following a kidney infection.[177][178] He was officially declared dead there at 5:05 pmIST on 16 August 2018 at the age of 93.[179][180] Some sources claim that he had died on the previous day.[181][182] A seven-day state mourning was announced by the central government throughout India. The national flag flew half-mast during this period.[183]
Vajpayee authored several works of bothHindi poetry andprose. Some of his major publications are listed below. In addition to these, various collections were made of his speeches, articles, and slogans.[192][193][194]
An English translation of a selection of some of Vajpayee's Hindi poetry was published in 2013.[210]Literary critics have noted that his poetry reflects themes of moral optimism, duty, and civilisational continuity, which also shaped his public life.
Vajpayee's legacy is frequently discussed in the context of India's evolving civilisational politics. Commentators argue that he broadened the appeal of cultural nationalism by combining it with consensual politics, parliamentary decorum, and a commitment to democratic institutions. His rhetorical style and poetry continue to be cited as expressions of a vision of India that integrates modern governance with cultural self-awareness. His tenure is often described as laying the institutional foundations for later political articulations of Indian cultural identity, making him a central figure in the long-term evolution of conservative and nationalist thought in India.[217][218]Jaswant Singh has provided an insider's perspective by describing Vajpayee's role in cultural nationalism.[219]
Much of the later portrayal of Vajpayee as a conciliatory or centrist figure reflects the interpretive frameworks of writers uncomfortable with acknowledging the cultural-nationalist roots of his politics. These portrayals do not alter the documentary evidence of his lifelong ideological alignment within the RSS tradition.Vajpayee's political formation lay entirely within the cultural-nationalist tradition of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), whose ideological vocabulary and organisational discipline shaped his public life from adolescence onward. His emergence as a national leader therefore reflected the maturation of this cultural-nationalist current in Indian politics rather than any departure from it. Later commentators have variously approved or disapproved of this fact—often interpreting his style through their own political frameworks—but the historical record consistently situates him within the trajectory of Hindu cultural nationalism.[220][221][222]
In popular culture
TheFilms Division of India has produced the short documentary filmsPride of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1998) andKnow Your Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee (2003), both directed by Girish Vaidya, which explore different facets of his personality.[223][224] Vajpayee also appears in a cameo in the 1977 IndianHindi-language filmChala Murari Hero Banne byAsrani.[225]
Abhishek Choudhary wrote an original portrait of Hindutva's first prime minister inVAJPAYEE: The Ascent of the Hindu Right, 1924–1977.[228] The book won the 2023 Tata Literature Live! First Book Award.[229]
In 2019, Shiva Sharma and Zeeshan Ahmad, owners of Amaash Films, acquired the official rights of the bookThe Untold Vajpayee written by Ullekh N P, to make a biopic based on Vajpayee's life from his childhood, college life and finally turning into a politician.[230][231][232]
^Chatterjee, Manini; Ramachandran, V. K. (7 February 1998)."Vajpayee and the Quit India movement".Frontline.Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved11 November 2012.a role he explicitly denied then and has denied again, in his January 1998 interview to Frontline.
^Varshney, M.R. (1973).Jana Sangh--R.S.S. and Balraj Madhok. Aligarh. p. 47.Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved24 December 2023.Vajpayee had never been known for his attachment to RSS ideals and ideology . With his Communist background and emotional temperament, he had always looked upon Pt. Nehru as his model and adored him from the bottom of his heart.
^Lahiry, Sutapa (2005). "Jana Sangh and Bharatiya Janata Party : A comparative assessment of their philosophy and strategy and their proximity with the other members of the Sangh Parivar".The Indian Journal of Political Science.66 (4):831–850.JSTOR41856171.
^abcdMalik, Yogendra K.; Singh, V.B. (April 1992). "Bharatiya Janata Party: An Alternative to the Congress (I)?".Asian Survey.32 (4):318–336.doi:10.2307/2645149.JSTOR2645149.
^Chatterjee, Manini (1 May 1994). "The BJP: Political Mobilization for Hindutva".Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East.14 (1):14–23.doi:10.1215/07323867-14-1-14.ISSN1089-201X.
^Guha, Ramachandra (15 August 2007)."India's Internal Partition".The New York Times.Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved17 August 2018.
^Gupta, Sharad; Sinha, Sanjiv (18 January 2000)."Revive Jan Sangh – BJP hardlines".The Indian Express.Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved12 August 2022.
Myra, MacDonald (1 January 2017),Defeat is an orphan : how Pakistan lost the great South Asian war, London,ISBN978-1-84904-858-3,OCLC973222892{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Vajpayee, Atal Bihari (1961),National integration,archived from the original on 29 March 2024, retrieved8 June 2020
Vajpayee, Atal Bihari (1977),Dynamics of an Open Society, Ministry of External Affairs, External Publicity Division,archived from the original on 29 March 2024, retrieved8 June 2020
Vajpayee, Atal Bihari (2000),Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, selected speeches 2000–2002, India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division., New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India,ISBN978-8123008349,OCLC45499698
Vajpayee, Atal Bihari (2001a),Values, vision & verses of Vajpayee : India's man of destiny, Goyal, Bhagwat S., 1939– (1st ed.), Ghaziabad: Srijan Prakashan,ISBN978-8187996002,OCLC4766656
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