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Astialakwa

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Former village of the ancestral Puebloan people

Astialakwa Astialakwa Archeological District
Native names Walatowa (Jemez) Mąʼii Deeshgiizh (Navajo)
The Fortress of Astialakwa, nearJemez Pueblo.
Type	Prehistoric/historic aboriginal
Location	Santa Fe National Forest
Nearest city	Jemez Springs,Sandoval County, New Mexico, USA
Coordinates	Location restricted
Elevation	6,975 feet
Built	prior to 1500 AD
Built for	habitation, agriculture, fortification, refuge
Demolished	1694
Architect	Ancestral Puebloans
Architectural style(s)	Linear plaza ladder-type construction

AstialakwaJemez:Walatowa,Navajo:Mąʼii Deeshgiizh) was a prehistoric and historic village built by theancestral Puebloan people located within theAstialakwa Archeological District (FS-360, LA-1825), in an area now known as theJemez Springs area ofNorthern New Mexico. The archeological area is on the National Register of Historic Places (ID# 84003010). The location is restricted from access.

Description

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Astialakwa was a fortified pueblo village nearJemez Pueblo in the area that is now New Mexico. The village was built at the top of a nearly inaccessible ridge on an 800-foot high detachedmesa(peñol),^[1] overlooking theJemez creek.^[2] The people who lived in these villages spoke theTowa language, aTanoan language.Astialaka shares architectural similarities with the former pueblos ofPatokwa andBoletsakwa which were centered on two large linear plazas surrounded by multiple rooms built in the characteristic "ladder-type" construction. Astialakwa differed in that there were nokivas, and the one-story walls were built of unhewntuff blocks. The complex architectural remains indicate that this was a habitation as well as a refuge pueblo, containing many rooms,petroglyphs and other rock art, defensive walls, and agricultural areas.^[1]^[3]^[4]^[5] The periods of significance were 1500-1599 and between 1600 and 1649.^[1]

History

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Ground plan of Astialakwa pueblo (area b. in drawing) by Hewitt (1906)

Historically, the Jemez people lived in seven or more pueblos before the conquest ofSanta Fe de Nuevo Méjico in 1598 byJuan Oñate and his men. The Spaniards built missions and forced the Jemez people to abandon their historic homes and move to three settlements with missions: Astialakwa,Gyusiwa and Patoqua (Patokwa). In 1692,don Diego de Vargas reconquered Nuevo Mexico and in 1694 stormed the fortress of Astialakwa in asiege.^[6]

Battle of Astialakwa

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TheBattle of Astialakwa (also known as the Siege of Astialakwa) took place on July 24, 1694, when a group of 120 soldiers led by the Spanish governor donDiego de Vargas and theirKeresan-speaking allied militia from theZia,Santa Ana andSan Felipe pueblos, waged war against the Jemez Pueblo indigenous peoples. Eighty-four Jemez people died in the battle, while 81 people escaped. Over three hundred and sixty Native women and children were taken prisoner by the Spanish soldiers. Seven people leapt to their death instead of being captured.^[7] After the battle, Vargas ordered the village to be "burned and reduced to ashes"^[8] after giving the sheep, goats, cattle and maize to his Keres allies.^[7] Some who escaped were taken in by theDiné peoples to the west.^[9]

The battle was in part retaliation for thePueblo Revolt, when over 30 Pueblo villages made up of peoples speaking six languages banded together in a unified uprising against the Spanish colonialist forces; culminating in the death of 401 Spanish on August 10, 1680.^[7]

Descendants of the survivors of Astialakwa continue to dwell and share their culture atJemez Pueblo not far from Guadalupe Mesa.

Gallery

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Astialakwa Archeological District is located near Jemez Pueblo, NM, USA. Access to the site is restricted.

References

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^^a ^b ^cPreucel, Robert W. (2007).Archaeologies of the Pueblo Revolt: Identity, Meaning, and Renewal in the Pueblo World. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.ISBN 978-0-8263-4246-1. RetrievedOctober 23, 2020.
^Hewett, Edgar Lee (1906)."Antiquities of the Jemez Plateau, New Mexico".Bulletin of the Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology.32. RetrievedOctober 23, 2020.
^Cameron, Catherine M. (1999). "Room Size, Organization of Construction, and Archaeological Interpretation in the Puebloan Southwest. 18".Journal of Anthropological Archaeology.18 (2):201–239.doi:10.1006/jaar.1999.0336.
^Liebmann, Matthew (2006). "Burn the Churches, Break up the Bells: The Archaeology of the Pueblo Revolt Revitalization Movement in New Mexico, AD 1680–1696".PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
^Hendricks, Rick; Preucel, Robert W. (2002).Pueblo-Spanish Warfare in Seventeenth-Century New Mexico: The Battles of Black Mesa, Kotyiti, and Astialakwa Archaeologies of the Pueblo Revolt. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 181–197.
^Bowden, J.J."Pueblo of Jemez Grant". New Mexico History. RetrievedOctober 23, 2020.
^^a ^b ^cLiebmann, Matt (September 2010)."The Battle of Astialakwa: Conflict Archaeology of the Spanish Reconquest in Northern New Mexico"(PDF).The SAA Archaeological Record:40–42. RetrievedOctober 23, 2020.
^Kessell, John Lottridge; Hendricks, Rick; Dodge, Meredith (1998).Blood on the Boulders: The Journals of Don Diego de Vargas, New Mexico, 1694-1697 (2 volumes). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 325–337.ISBN 978-0-8263-1867-1.
^Noble, David Grant (2000).An Archaeological Guide to Ancient Ruins of the Southwest. Northland Publishing. p. 221.ISBN 978-0-87358-724-2.

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