TheAssociation of Tennis Professionals (ATP) is the governing body of the men's professionaltennis circuits – theATP Tour and theATP Challenger Tour. It was formed in September 1972 byDonald Dell,Jack Kramer, andCliff Drysdale to protect the interests of professional tennis players, and Drysdale became the first president. Since 1990, the association has organized the ATP Tour, the worldwide tennis tour for men, and linked the title of the tour with the organization's name. It is the governing body of men's professional tennis. In 1990 the organization was called the ATP Tour, which was renamed in 2001 as just ATP and the tour being called ATP Tour. In 2009 the name of the tour was changed again and was known as the ATP World Tour, but changed again to the ATP Tour by 2019.[1] It is an evolution of the tour competitions previously known asGrand Prix tennis tournaments andWorld Championship Tennis (WCT). The ATP's global headquarters are inLondon. ATP Americas is based inPonte Vedra Beach, Florida; ATP Europe is headquartered inMonaco; and ATP International, which covers Africa, Asia and Australasia, is based inSydney, Australia.
Launched in 1972 byJack Kramer,Donald Dell, andCliff Drysdale, it was first managed byJack Kramer, as executive director, andCliff Drysdale, as president.Jim McManus was a founding member.[2] Kramer created the professional players'rankings system, which started the following year and is still in use. From 1974 to 1989, the men's circuit was administered by a sub-committee called theMen's International Professional Tennis Council (MIPTC). It was made up of representatives of theInternational Tennis Federation (ITF), the ATP, and tournament directors from around the world. The ATP successfully requested that the MIPTC introduce a drug testing rule, making tennis the first professional sport to institute a drug-testing program.
In May 1973Nikola Pilić, Yugoslavia's number one tennis player, was suspended by his national lawn tennis association, who claimed he had refused to play in aDavis Cup tie for his country earlier that month.[3] The initial suspension of nine months, supported by theInternational Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF), was later reduced by the ILTF to one month which meant that Pilic would not be allowed to play at Wimbledon.[4]
In response, the ATP threatened a boycott, stating that if Pilić was not allowed to compete, none should. After last-ditch attempts at a compromise failed, the ATP voted in favor of a boycott and as a result, 81 of the top players, including reigning championStan Smith and 13 of the 16 men's seeds, did not compete at the1973 Wimbledon Championships.[5][6] Three ATP players,Ilie Năstase,Roger Taylor andRay Keldie, defied the boycott and were fined by the ATP's disciplinary committee.[4]
But the tour was still run by the tournament directors and the ITF. The limited player representation and influence within theMen's International Professional Tennis Council (MIPTC) as well as dissatisfaction with the way the sport was managed and marketed culminated in a player mutiny in 1988 led by active tennis pros, including then world number one rankedMats Wilander which changed the entire structure of the tour.[7]
CEOHamilton Jordan is credited with the "Parking Lot Press Conference" on 26 August 1988 during which the ATP announced their withdrawal from the MIPTC (then called the MTC) and the creation of theirATP Tour from 1990 onwards.[2][8][9][10] This re-organisation also ended a lawsuit with Volvo andDonald Dell.[11] On 19 January 1989 the ATP published the calendar for the inaugural 1990 season.[12]
By 1991, the men had their first television package to broadcast 19 tournaments.[2] Coming online with their first website in 1995, this was followed by a multi-year agreement with Mercedes-Benz. Lawsuits in 2008, around virtually the same issues, resulted in a restructured tour.[13]
Players and doubles teams with the most ranking points (collected during the calendar year) play in the season-endingATP Finals, which, from 2000 to 2008, was run jointly with theInternational Tennis Federation (ITF). The details of the professional tennis tour are:
In 2009, ATP introduced a new tour structure called ATP World Tour consisting of ATP World Tour Masters 1000, ATP World Tour 500, and ATP World Tour 250 tier tournaments.[16][17] Broadly speaking, theTennis Masters Series tournaments became the new Masters 1000 level andATP International Series Gold andATP International Series events became ATP 500 level and 250 level events respectively.
TheMasters 1000 tournaments areIndian Wells,Miami,Monte Carlo,Madrid,Rome,Toronto/Montreal,Cincinnati,Shanghai andParis. The end-of-year event, theATP Finals, moved from Shanghai to London.Hamburg has been displaced by the new clay court event at Madrid, which is a new combined men's and women's tournament. In 2011, Rome and Cincinnati also became combined tournaments. Severe sanctions are placed on top players skipping the Masters 1000 series events, unless medical proof is presented.
Plans to eliminateMonte Carlo andHamburg as Masters Series events led to controversy and protests from players as well as organisers. Hamburg and Monte Carlo filed lawsuits against the ATP,[18] and as a concession it was decided that Monte Carlo would remain a Masters 1000 level event, with more prize money and 1000 ranking points, but it would no longer be a compulsory tournament for top-ranked players. Monte Carlo later dropped its suit. Hamburg was "reserved" to become a 500 level event in the summer.[19] Hamburg did not accept this concession, but later lost its suit.[20]
The ATP & ITF have declared that Davis Cup World Group and World Group Playoffs award a total of up to 500 points. Players accumulate points over the four rounds and the playoffs and these are counted as one of a player's four best results from the500 level events. An additional 125 points are given to a player who wins all 8 live rubbers and wins the Davis Cup.[21]
ATP publishes weekly rankings of professional players: ATP rankings (commonly known as the ‘world rankings’), a 52-week rolling ranking, and the ATP Race to Turin, ayear to date ranking.[22] All ATP players also have aUniversal Tennis Rating, based on head-to-head results.
The ATP rankings is used for determining qualification for entry and seeding in all tournaments for both singles and doubles. Within the ATP rankings period which is the past year, points are accumulated with the exception of those for theATP Finals, whose points are dropped following the last ATP event of the year. The player with the most points by the season's end is theworld No. 1 of the year.
The ATP rankings Race to Turin is a calendar-year indicator of what the PIF ATP Rankings will be on the Monday after the end of the regular season. Players finishing in the top eight of the Emirates ATP Rankings following theParis Masters will qualify for theATP Finals.
At the beginning of the 2009 season, all accumulated ranking points were doubled to bring them in line with the new tournament ranking system.
As of 1 January 2020,[update]Andrea Gaudenzi is the chairman of ATP[27] andMassimo Calvelli is the chief executive officer.[28] Mark Young is the vice chairman, David Massey is the executive vice president for the European region and Alison Lee for the International group.[29]
The ATP Board of Directors includes the chairman, along with three tournament representatives and three player representatives. The player representatives are elected by the ATP Player Council.[30] The current board members are:
The ATP Tournament Advisory Council consists of a total of nine members, of which there are three representatives each from the Europe, Americas and the International Group of tournaments.[31]
