Asilah أصيلة | |
|---|---|
 .jpg)     Clockwise from top: seaside walls and cemetery of the medina; street inside the medina; Grand Mosque; seaside view of the city; coastline near the city; a roundabout in the modern town. | |
  Asilah Location in Morocco Show map of Morocco Asilah Asilah (Africa) Show map of Africa | |
| Coordinates:35°28′N6°2′W / 35.467°N 6.033°W /35.467; -6.033 | |
| Country |  Morocco |
| Region | Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima |
| Population (2014)[1] | |
• Total | 31,147 |
Asilah (Arabic:أصيلة,romanized: aṣīlah) is a fortified town on the northwest tip of the Atlantic coast ofMorocco, about 31 km (19 mi) south ofTangier. Its ramparts and gateworks remain fully intact.
The town's history dates back to 1500 B.C., whenPhoenicians occupied a site calledSilis,Zili,Zilis, orZilil (Punic:𐤀𐤔𐤋𐤉𐤕,ʾŠLYT,[2] orPunic:𐤔𐤋𐤉,ŠLY)[3] which is being excavated at Dchar Jdid, some 12 km (7.5 mi) NE of present Asilah; that place was once considered to be the Roman stronghold Ad Mercuri, but is now accepted to beZilil. The town of Asilah itself was originally constructed by theIdrisid dynasty,[4] and Umayyad caliphAl-Hakam II rebuilt the town in 966.[5] ThePortugueseconquered the city in 1471 and built its fortifications, but it was abandoned because of an economic debt crisis in 1549.[6] In 1578,Sebastian of Portugal used Asilah as a base for his troops during a planned crusade that resulted in Sebastian's death, which in turn caused thePortuguese succession crisis of 1580. The Portuguese kept hold of the town but in 1589 the Moroccans briefly regained control of Asilah, but then lost it to the Spanish.[7]
In 1692, the town was again taken by the Moroccans under the leadership ofMoulay Ismail. Asilah served then as a base forpirates in the 19th and 20th centuries, and in 1829, the Austrians punitively bombarded the city due to Moroccan piracy.[8]
From 1912 to 1956, it was part ofSpanish Morocco. A major plan to restore the town was undertaken in 1978 by its mayor,Mohamed Benaissa. Benaissa and painterMohamed Melehi were instrumental in organizing an art festival, theInternational Cultural Moussem of Asilah, that starting in 1978 began generating tourism income. It is credited with having promoted urban renewal in Asilah, and is one of the most important art festivals in the country.[9] It played a role in raising the average monthly income from $50 in 1978 to $140 in 2014. The festival features local artwork and music and continues to attract large numbers of tourists.[10]
Asilah is now a popular seaside resort, with modern holiday apartment complexes on the coast road leading to the town fromTangier.[11] The old neighborhoods are restored and painted white, and the wealthy fromCasablanca have their weekend getaways here.[5]
While tourism dominates, Asilah has been said to offer a good introduction to the culture of Morocco.[5] The International Cultural Festival calledMoussem and held in August, features jazz and Moroccan music as well as art exhibitions.[5] It was co-founded by the artistMohamed Melehi from theCasablanca Art School and politicianMohamed Benaissa.[12] The festival is also the occasion for workshops for international artists, includingmural paintings, as the medina's houses are painted with new murals every year.[11][13][14]
Many of the houses of Asilah featuremashrabiya (oriel windows). The main cultural center is the Centre Hassan II des Rencontres Internationales (housed in a former Spanish barracks).[14]
Due to its proximity to Spain, the cuisine in Asilah is described asIbero-Moroccan with notable foods includingpaella,anchovies, and other seafood with both Moroccan andValencian influences.[12]
The old walled town (medina) of Asilah is well-preserved and dates mostly from thePortuguese occupation (15th–16th centuries) and afterwards.[15] The medina has been heavily restored and its buildings are typically painted white, with occasionally blue or green, in addition to which can be found many of the murals created during the International Cultural Festival.[13] Though the Portuguese rebuilt its outline of walls, it has the typical maze-like layout and alleys of an old Moroccan city.[15]
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The walls of Asilah were first built by theAlmohads and then restored and reinforced by theMarinids and theWattasids.[15] However, after the Portuguese took the city in 1471 they rebuilt the walls, making them more resistant toartillery, and modified the outline of the city, shrinking its perimeter for easier control.[15] The current walls thus date almost entirely from the Portuguese occupation, with the possible exception of some parts of the seaside walls.[15] There are two main gates in the walls,Bab Homar, in the mid-southern part of the walls, andBab al-Qasaba, at the eastern end of the walls where thekasbah was once located.[13] A rectangular tower in distinct Portuguese style, known asBorj al-Hamra ("Red Tower") or the Al-Qamra Tower, stands near the kasbah and overlooks an open square.[14][16][15]
The Grand Mosque of Asilah is located inside the former kasbah (citadel), at the eastern end of the medina. It was built underMoulay Ismail soon after the city was retaken for Morocco at the end of the 17th century. Moulay Ismail charged the new governor of Tangier, Ali ibn Abdallah Errifi, with building the mosque; however, it's possible that it was his son, Ahmed Errifi, who actually carried out the construction.[15] It has an octagonalminaret, a feature common to some parts of northern Morocco but not in the rest of the country. With itswhitewashed walls and minaret, its decoration is quite plain compared to other mosques built by the Errifis at the same time (such as theKasbah Mosque in Tangier).[15] Like other Moroccan mosques, it is open to Muslims only.
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This restored palace is in the mid-northern part of the medina, alongside the sea walls. It was built in 1909 byMoulay Ahmed er-Raisuni (also known as Raisuli), a local rogue and pirate who rose to power and declared himselfpasha of the region.[15] He rose to notoriety and wealth partly through kidnappings and ransoms, including of several Westerners who wrote about him afterwards.[14][13] The palace has been restored and reveals some of the luxury in which Raisuli lived.[13] It includes a lavish reception room withzellij tilework, carvedstucco, and painted wood like in other Moroccan palaces.[15] The reception room also gives access to a largeloggia and terrace overlooking the sea.[15] Raisuli infamously claimed that he executed convicted murderers by forcing them to jump from this terrace onto the sea rocks below.[14][13]
At the far western end of the medina is a Portuguesebastion extending out to sea, which is a popular spot for locals and tourists at sunset.[13] In the angle between the bastion and the sea walls is a platform upon which is a small enclosed cemetery. It includes two small structures, the domedMarabout (mausoleum) of Sidi Ahmed ibn Moussa (also known as Sidi Ahmed el-Mansour and Sidi Mansour) and, across from it, the mausoleum of his sister, Lalla Mennana.[15][17][13] Between these structures, the ground is covered with other graves which are covered in colourfulceramic tiles.[15]
Located in the new city outside the medina, this Roman Catholic Church was built bySpanishFranciscans in 1925.[14][13] It is still used as a convent today and is one of the few churches in Morocco allowed to ring in public for Sunday mass. Its architecture is a mix of Spanish Colonial and Moorish styles.[13][14]
Kahal Synagogue built in 1824 and dilapidated for years, it was restored and reopened in 2022 along with theMikveh andhammam.[18] There is also a Jewish cemetery near the medina.
Capital:Tangier | ||
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