Anasphyxiant gas, also known as asimple asphyxiant, is a nontoxic or minimally toxicgas which reduces or displaces the normaloxygen concentration in breathingair. Breathing of oxygen-depleted air can lead to death byasphyxiation (suffocation). Because asphyxiant gases are relativelyinert and odorless, their presence in high concentration may not be noticed, except in the case ofcarbon dioxide (hypercapnia).
Toxic gases, by contrast, cause death by other mechanisms, such as competing with oxygen on the cellular level (e.g.carbon monoxide) or directly damaging therespiratory system (e.g.phosgene). Far smaller quantities of these are deadly.
Notable examples of asphyxiant gases aremethane,[1]nitrogen,argon,helium, butane and propane. Along with trace gases such as carbon dioxide andozone, these compose 79% ofEarth's atmosphere.
Asphyxiant gases in the breathing air are normally not hazardous. Only where elevated concentrations of asphyxiant gases displace the normal oxygen concentration does a hazard exist. Asphyxiant gases are marked SA in theNFPA 704 standard. Examples of hazards are:
The risk of breathing asphyxiant gases is frequently underestimated leading to fatalities, typically from breathing helium in domestic circumstances and nitrogen in industrial environments.[12]
The term asphyxiation is often mistakenly associated with the strong desire to breathe that occurs if breathing is prevented. This desire is stimulated from increasing levels of carbon dioxide. However, asphyxiant gases may displace carbon dioxide along with oxygen, preventing the victim from feeling short of breath. In addition the gases may also displace oxygen from cells, leading toloss of consciousness and death rapidly.
The handling of compressed asphyxiant gases and the determination of appropriate environment for their use is regulated in theUnited States by theOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). TheNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has an advisory role.[13] OSHA requires employers who send workers into areas where the oxygen concentration is known or expected to be less than 19.5% to follow the provision of the Respiratory Protection Standard [29 CFR 1910.134]. Generally, work in an oxygen depleted environment requires anSCBA or airline respirator. The regulation also requires an evaluation of the worker's ability to perform the work while wearing a respirator, the regular training of personnel, respiratorfit testing, periodic workplace monitoring, and regular respirator maintenance, inspection, and cleaning."[14] Containers should be labeled according to OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]. These regulations were developed in accordance with the official recommendations of theCompressed Gas Association (CGA) pamphlet P-1. The specific guidelines for prevention of asphyxiation due to displacement of oxygen by asphyxiant gases is covered under CGA's pamphlet SB-2,Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres.[15] Specific guidelines for use of gases other than air in back-up respirators is covered in pamphlet SB-28,Safety of Instrument Air Systems Backed Up by Gases Other Than Air.[16]
To decrease the risk of asphyxiation, there have been proposals to add warning odors to some commonly used gases such as nitrogen and argon. However, CGA has argued against this practice. They are concerned that odorizing may decrease worker vigilance, not everyone can smell the odorants, and assigning a different smell to each gas may be impractical. Another difficulty is that most odorants (e.g., thethiols) are chemically reactive. This is not a problem with natural gas intended to be burned as fuel, which is routinelyodorized, but a major use of asphyxiants such as nitrogen, helium, argon andkrypton is to protect reactive materials from the atmosphere.[17][18]
The dangers of excess concentrations of nontoxic gases has been recognized for centuries within themining industry. The concept ofblack damp (or "stythe") reflects an understanding that certain gaseous mixtures could lead to death with prolonged exposure.[19] Early mining deaths due to mining fires and explosions were often a result of encroaching asphyxiant gases as the fires consumed available oxygen. Early self-containedrespirators were designed by mining engineers such asHenry Fleuss to help in rescue efforts after fires and floods. Whilecanaries were typically used to detect carbon monoxide, tools such as theDavy lamp and theGeordie lamp were useful for detectingmethane andcarbon dioxide, two asphyxiant gases. When methane was present, the lamp would burn higher; when carbon dioxide was present, the lamp would gutter or extinguish. Modern methods to detect asphyxiant gases in mines led to theFederal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 in the United States which established ventilation standards in which mines should be "ventilated by a current of air containing not less than 19.5 volume per centum of oxygen, not more than 0.5 volume per centum of carbon dioxide".[20]
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