"Asian people"[1] (sometimes "Asiatic people")[2] is an umbrella term for people who belong to any ethnic, racial, or national group with origins inAsia. It is most often used in contexts concerning theAsian diaspora, which consists of Asian people and their descendants living outside of the continent.[3] The exact definition of the term may vary by country; some classifications of "Asian" may only refer to certainAsian-origin groups, as opposed to thepopulation of the entire continent.
In parts ofanglophone Africa, especially East Africa and in parts of theCaribbean, the term "Asian" is more commonly associated with people ofSouth Asian origin, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans.[4] In South Africa the term "Asian" is also usually synonymous with theIndian race group.[5] East Asians in South Africa, includingChinese were classified either asColoureds or ashonorary whites.[5]
In theArab states of the Persian Gulf, the term "Asian" generally refers to people ofSouth Asian andSoutheast Asian descent due to the largeIndian,Pakistani,Bangladeshi, andFilipino expatriate populations in these countries.[6][7][8] However, there are instances where the term is used solely to refer to those of South Asian descent.[9]
TheAustralian Census includes four regions of Asia in its official definition. Defined by the 2006–2011 Australian Census, threebroad groups have the word Asian included in their name:Central andSouthern Asian,South-East Asian andNorth-East Asian.West Asians are classified asNorth African andMiddle Eastern.[10]
TheCanadian Census uses the term 'Asian' pan-continentally. In its presentation of the "ethnic origin" results of the 2016 census,Statistics Canada under the category "Asian origins" includes: West Central Asian and Middle Eastern (includes "Arab, not otherwise specified"), South Asian, East and Southeast Asian, and "other" Asian origins.[11]
New Zealand's census undertaken byStatistics New Zealand defines Asian to include people of Bangladeshi, Chinese, Indian, Korean,Filipino, Japanese,Vietnamese,Sri Lankan,Cambodian andThai ancestries.[12] In less formal contexts, the termAsian often does not refer toSouth Asian people.[13] Those of West or Central Asian origin are excluded from the term.
Statistics Norway uses the term 'Asian' pan-continentally and considers people of Asian background to be people from all Asian countries.[14][15]
Statistics Sweden uses the term 'Asian' to refer to immigrants of Asian background from all Asian countries, including Western Asia/the Middle East.[16][17]West Asians make up the largest region of Asian descent in the country, with Iraq once being the largest group of Asian immigrants.[18]
In the United Kingdom, the term "Asian" is more commonly associated with people of South Asian origin, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans.[4][19] Most respondents to the UK 2001 Census of non-Chinese East Asian and Southeast Asian descent chose to write-in their ethnicity in the "Other Ethnic Group" category rather than the "Other Asian" category, reflecting the association of the word Asian in the UK with South Asian.[20] Despite there being a strong presence ofEast Asians in the United Kingdom there are considerably moreSouth Asians, for example the 2001 Census recorded 1.05 million people of Indian origin and 247,000 of Chinese origin in the UK.[21] Common origins in the "Other Asian" category include Filipinos, Afghans and Nepalese.[22]Peter J. Aspinall of the Centre for Health Services Studies,University of Kent, recommends privileging the term "South Asian" over the term "Asian", since the term "Asian" is a "contested term".[19]
In 1968, an Asian activist conference decided on favoring the name "Asian American" over the competing terms—"yellow", "Mongoloid", "Asiatic", and "Oriental"—since theFilipinos at the meeting thought they were "brown" rather than "yellow" and the conference thought the term "Oriental" wasEurocentric since they originate from lands "east" only from Europe's standpoint and the term "Oriental" suggested to them "passivity".[23]
Earlier Census forms from 1980 and prior listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups along withWhite andBlack or Negro.[24] Previously, Asian Americans were classified as "other".[25] But the1980 Census marked the first general analyses of Asians as a group, combining several individual ancestry groups into "Asian or Pacific Islander." By the1990 census,Asian or Pacific Islander (API) was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry.[26][27][28]
The 2000 and 2010 U.S. Census Bureau definition of the Asianrace is: "people having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or theIndian subcontinent (for example,Bangladesh,Cambodia,China,India,Indonesia,Japan,Korea,Malaysia,Pakistan, thePhilippine Islands,Thailand, andVietnam)".[29]
Sandra S. Lee et al. (2001) said, in regards to thecategories of the 2000 U.S. census, that it is difficult to determine why Asian Americans are a "race" whileLatino and Hispanic are an "ethnic group." Lee said, referring to the Hispanic or Latino category, that the category of Asian Americans, quite similarly, comprises different populations of diverse origins. Lee said that people of South Asian origin were categorically identified as "Hindu," regardless of their religion, in the early 20th century. Lee said that thepolicy changed to classify people from the Indian subcontinent as "white." Lee said that, more recently, South Asian Americans were added to the long list of groups that comprise the category of Asian American. Referring to their classification as "Asian," Lee said that, in the United States, the classification of people from the Indian subcontinent depends on their historical location.[30]
In 1930 and 1940,Indian Americans were identified as a separate race,Hindu, and in 1950 and 1960 they were racially classified asOther Race, and then in 1970 they were classified asWhite. Since 1980, Indians and all other South Asians have been classified as part of theAsian ethnic group.[31] Sociologist Madhulika Khandelwal described how "....as a result of activism, South Asians came to be included as 'Asians' in the census only in the 80's. Prior to that many South Asians had been checking 'Caucasian' or 'Other'."[32]
Respondents can also report their specific ancestry, e.g.:Okinawan, etc. Someone reporting these ancestries but no race would be classified as "Asian". Unlike Southeast Asians,Afghan Americans,Arab Americans,Armenian Americans,Assyrian Americans,Azerbaijani Americans,Georgian Americans,Israeli Americans,Kurdish Americans,Turkish Americans,Iranian Americans, and Central Asian Americans have not lobbied to be included as Asians by the U.S. Census Board.[33]
In normal American usage Asian does not refer to the people from thePacific Islands who are usually calledPacific Islanders.[34] The term "Asians and Pacific Islanders" or "Asia/Pacific" was used on the1990 U.S. census.[35]
However, in the2000 U.S. census, the Asian or Pacific Islander category was separated into two categories, "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander".[36]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)The Native Hawaiians presented compelling arguments that the standards must facilitate the production of data to describe their social and economic situation and to monitor discrimination against Native Hawaiians in housing, education, employment, and other areas. Under the current standards for data on race and ethnicity, Native Hawaiians comprise about three percent of the Asian and Pacific Islander population. By creating separate categories, the data on the Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islander groups will no longer be overwhelmed by the aggregate data of the much larger Asian groups. Native Hawaiians will comprise about 60 percent of the new category. The Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander population groups are well defined; moreover, there has been experience with reporting in separate categories for the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander population groups. The 1990 census included "Hawaiian," "Samoan," and "Guamanian" as response categories to the race question. In addition, two of the major tests conducted as part of the current review (the NCS and the RAETT) used "Hawaiian" and/or "Native Hawaiian," "Samoan," "Guamanian," and "Guamanian or Chamorro" as response options to the race question. These factors facilitate breaking apart the current category.
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