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Trimeresurus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromAsian palm pit viper)
Genus of snakes

Trimeresurus
White-lipped pit viper,T. albolabris
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Reptilia
Order:Squamata
Suborder:Serpentes
Family:Viperidae
Subfamily:Crotalinae
Genus:Trimeresurus
Lacépède, 1804
Synonyms
  • TrimeresurusLacepède, 1804
  • Craspedocephalus
    Kuhl &van Hasselt, 1822
  • Trimeresura–Fleming, 1822
  • Craspedocephalus–Gray, 1825
  • MegaeraWagler, 1830
  • AtroposWagler, 1830
  • Trimesurus Gray, 1842[1]

Trimeresurus is agenus ofpit vipers native toAsia. They are found from theIndian subcontinent throughoutSoutheast Asia,China, and thePacific Islands. The genus currently contains 44 recognizedspecies.[2] Common names includeAsian palm pit vipers,[3]Asian lanceheads, andgreen pit vipers.[4]

Description

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Most species in the genusTrimeresurus are relatively small, primarilyarboreal species, with thin bodies andprehensile tails. MostTrimeresurus species are typically green in color, but some species also have yellow, black, orange, red, or gold markings.

Feeding

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The diet ofTrimeresurus species includes a variety of animals, includinglizards,amphibians,birds,rodents, and other smallmammals.

Reproduction

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Like most viper species, many of the species in the genusTrimeresurus areovoviviparous, bearing live young. However, some species such asT. macrolepis andT. hageni areoviparous, layingeggs. Also, the reproductive biology of someTrimeresurus species is as yet unknown.

Venom

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Trimeresurusvenom varies in toxicity between species, but all are primarilyhemotoxic and considered to be medically significant to humans.

Geographic range

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Species in the genusTrimeresurus are found inSoutheast Asia fromIndia (including regions of theNorth Chotanagpur division ofJharkhand) toSouthern China,Taiwan, andJapan, and theMalay Archipelago toTimor.[1]

Species

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ImageSpecies[2]Taxon author[2]Subsp.*[2]Common name[5]Geographic range[1]
T. albolabrisGray, 18420white-lipped pit viperIndia (Assam),Nicobar Islands,Myanmar,Thailand,Cambodia,Laos,Vietnam,Southern China (Fujian,Hainan,Guangxi,Guangdong),Hong Kong,West Malaysia,Indonesia (Sumatra,Borneo,Sulawesi,Java,Madura,Lombok,Sumbawa,Komodo,Flores,Sumba,Rote,Timor,Kisar,Wetar).
T. andersoniiTheobald, 18680Anderson's pit viper, Andaman pit viperAndaman Islands,Nicobar Islands.
T. arunachalensisCaptain,Deepak,Pandit,Bhatt &Athreya, 20190Arunachal pit viperIndia:Arunachal Pradesh
T. ayerwadyensisChan, Anuar, Sankar, Law, Law, Shivaram, Christian, Mulcahy & Malhotra, 20230Ayerwady pit viperMyanmar
T. calamitasVogel,David &Sidik, 20220Indonesia (Nias Island).
T. cantoriBlyth, 18460Cantor's pit viperIndia:Nicobar Islands, and possibly theAndaman Islands.
T. cardamomensisMalhotra,Thorpe,Mrinalini &B. Stuart, 20110Cardamom Mountains green pit viperEastern Thailand, Koh Kong Province inCambodia.
T. caudornatusChen,Ding, Vogel &S. Shi, 20200ornamental-tailed pit viperChina (Yunnan).
T. ciliarisIdiiatullina, Pawangkhanant, Tawan, Worranuch, Dechochai, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Chanhome & Poyarkov, 20230limestone eyelash pit viperThailand
T. cryptographicusPawangkhanant, Idiiatullina, Ruangsuwan, Matsukoji, David, Suwannapoom & Poyarkov, 20250Cryptic green pit viperThailand
T. CyanolabrisIdiiatullina, Nguyen, Bragin, Pawangkhanant, Le, Vogel, David & Poyarkov, 20240blue lipped green pit viperVietnam
T. davidiChandramouli,P. Campbell & Vogel, 2020.[6]0Car Nicobar, India.
T. erythrochlorisPawangkhanant, Idiiatullina, Smits, Dugdale, Pierce, Suwannapoom & Poyarkov, 20250Red barred green pit viperThailand
T. erythrurusCantor, 18390red-tailed bamboo pit viperIndia (Assam andSikkim),Bangladesh and Myanmar.
T. fasciatusBoulenger, 18960banded pit viperIndonesia: Djampea Island.
T. flavomaculatusGray, 18422Philippine pit viperPhilippine Islands: Agutayan,Batan,Camiguin,Catanduanes,Dinagat,Jolo,Leyte,Luzon,Mindanao,Mindoro,Negros andPolillo.
T. gracilisŌshima, 19200Kikushi habuCentralTaiwan.
T. gumprechtiDavid, Vogel,Pauwels &Vidal, 20020Gumprecht's green pit viperChina (Yunnan), Laos, Thailand, Vietnam.
T. gunaleniVogel, David & Sidik, 20140Gunalen's pit viperSumatra.
T. guoiChen, S. Shi, Vogel & Ding, 20200Guo's green pit viperChina, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar.
T. hageniLidth de Jeude, 18860Hagen's pit viperPeninsular Thailand, West Malaysia,Singapore and Indonesia (Sumatra and the nearby islands ofBangka, Simalur,Nias,Batu and theMentawai Islands.
T. honsonensisL. Grismer, Ngo &J. Grismer, 20080Hon Son pit viperSouthern Vietnam.
T. insularisKramer, 19770Sunda Island pit viper, white-lipped island pit viperIndonesia, Timor-Leste
T. kanburiensisM.A. Smith, 19430Kanburi pit viperThailand.
T. kirscheyiVogel, David & Sidik, 20220Simeulue pit viperIndonesia (Simeulue Island).
T. kraensisIdiiatullina, Nguyen, Pawangkhanant, Suwannapoom, Chanhome, Nguyen, David, Vogel & Poyarkov, 20240Nicobar Kra isthumus pit viperIndia: Thailand.
T. kuiburiSumontha,Suntrarachun, Pauwels,Pawangkhanant,Chomngam,Iamwiriyakul &Chanhome, 20210Kui Buri pit viperThailand.
T. labialisSteindachner, 18670Nicobar bamboo pit viperIndia: Nicobar Islands.
T. lannaIdiiatullina, Nguyen, Pawangkhanant, Suwannapoom, Chanhome, Mirza, David, Vogel & Poyarkov, 20240Nicobar Lanna pit viperIndia: Thailand.
T. macropsKramer, 19770large-eyed pit viperThailand, Cambodia and southern Vietnam.
T. malcolmiLoveridge, 19380Malcolm's pit viperBorneo.
T. mayaaeRathee,Purkayastha,Lalremsanga,Dalal,Biakzuala,Muansanga &Mirza, 2022[7]0Maya's pit viperIndia:Meghalaya (Ri Bhoi),Mizoram (Champhai),Assam (Guwahati)[8]
T. mcgregoriTaylor, 19190McGregor's pit viper, McGregor's tree viper, Philippine pit viperBatan Island, Philippines.
T. medoensisZhao, 19770Motuo bamboo pit viperNorthern India, northern Myanmar, and China (southeasternXizang).
T. mutabilisStoliczka, 18700Central Nicobar pit viper, Central Nicobar bamboo pit viperCentral Nicobar Island.
T. nebularisVogel, David & Pauwels, 20040Cameron Highlands pit viper, clouded pit viperWest Malaysia (Cameron Highlands), Thailand.
T. phuketensisSumontha,Kunya, Pauwels,Nitikul &Punnadee, 2011[9]0Phuket pit viperThailand:Phuket Island.
T. popeiorumM.A. Smith, 19372Popes' pit viperNorthern India, Myanmar, Thailand, West Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia (Sumatra, the Mentawai Islands ofSiberut,Sipora, andNorth Pagai, and on the island of Borneo).
T. purpureomaculatusGray, 18320mangrove pit viperBangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, West Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia (Sumatra).
T. rubeus(Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini &L. Stuart, 2011)0ruby-eyed green pitvipersouthern Vietnam and eastern Cambodia
T. sabahiRegenass & Kramer, 19810Sabah bamboo pit viper, Sabah pit viperSabah, Sarawak
T. salazarMirza,Bhosale,Phansalkar,Sawant,Gowande &Patel (2020)0Salazar's pit viper[10]India: western lowlands ofArunachal Pradesh
T. schultzeiGriffin, 19090Schultze's pit viperPhilippines:Palawan andBalabac.
T. septentrionalisKramer, 19770Nepal pit viper, Himalayan white-lipped pit viperBangladesh, India, Nepal
T. sichuanensisGuo &Wang, 20110Sichuan pit viperSichuan, China
T. stejnegeriSchmidt, 19252Stejneger's pit viperIndia (Assam), andNepal through Myanmar and Thailand to China (Guangxi, Guangdong,Hainan, Fujian,Zhejiang, Yunnan) and Taiwan.
T. sumatranusTRaffles, 18220Sumatran pit viperSouthern Thailand, West and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak on Borneo) and Indonesia (Bangka, Billiton, Borneo, Sumatra and the nearby islands of Simalur, Nias, and possibly the Mentawai Islands [Sipora]).
T. TennasserimensisIdiiatullina, Nguyen, Pawangkhanant, Suwannapoom, Chanhome, Mirza, David, Vogel & Poyarkov, 20240Tennasserim pit viperThailand.
T. tibetanusHuang, 19820Tibetan bamboo pit viperChina: Xiang (Tibet) Autonomous Region.
T. truongsonensisOrlov, Ryabov,Thanh & Cuc, 20040Quang Binh pit viperCentral Vietnam
T. uetziVogel, Nguyen, David, 20230Uetz's pit viperMyanmar.
T. venustusVogel, 19910beautiful pit viper, brown-spotted pit viperSouthern Thailand
T. vogeliDavid, Vidal & Pauwels, 20010Vogel's pit viperCambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam.
T. whitteniVogel, David & Sidik, 20220Siberut pit viperIndonesia (Siberut Island).
T. yingjiangensisChen, Ding,J. Shi &Zhang, 20190Southwest China
T. yunnanensisSchmidt, 19250Yunnan bamboo pit viperSouthern China

*) Not including thenominate subspecies.
T)Type species.[1]

Taxonomy

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Additional species that may be recognized by other sources include:[11]

The genusTrimeresurus (sensu lato) has been the subject of considerable taxonomic work since 2000, resulting in the recognition of additionalgenera within this complex. Most authors now recognise the genusProtobothrops for the speciescornutus,flavoviridis,jerdonii,kaulbacki,mucrosquamatus,tokarensis,xiangchengensis,[12][13][14] since these have been shown not to be closely related to otherTrimeresurus in recent phylogenetic analyses.

In addition,Malhotra andThorpe (2004)[13] proposed a radical shake up of the entire genus, splittingTrimeresurus into seven genera. Their proposed arrangement (including species described since 2004) is shown in the table below:

GenusSpecies included
Trimeresurusandalasensis, borneensis, brongersmai, gramineus, malabaricus, puniceus, salazar, strigatus, trigonocephalus, wiroti
Cryptelytropsalbolabris, andersonii, cantori, erythrurus, fasciatus, honsonensis (Hon Son Pit Viper),insularis, kanburiensis, labialis, macrops, purpureomaculatus, rubeus, septentrionalis, venustus
Himalayophistibetanus
Pariasflavomaculatus, hageni, malcolmi, mcgregori, schultzei, sumatranus
Peltopelormacrolepis
Popeiabarati, buniana, fucata, nebularis, popeiorum, sabahi
Viridoviperagumprechti, medoensis, stejnegeri, truongsonensis, vogeli, yunnanensis

This new arrangement has been followed by many,[14][15] but not all[11][16] subsequent authors.

David et al. (2011) considered some of the genera of Malhotra & Thorpe to besubgenera of the genusTrimeresurus, creating new combinations such as"Trimeresurus (Parias) flavomaculatus","Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum","Trimeresurus (Viridovipera) stejnegeri", etc.[17]

Gallery

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See also

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References

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  1. ^abcdMcDiarmid RW,Campbell JA,Touré TA (1999).Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series).ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^abcd"Trimeresurus".Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved27 September 2006.
  3. ^Mehrtens JM (1987).Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp.ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  4. ^United States Navy (1991).Poisonous Snakes of the World. New York: U.S. Government / Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp.ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
  5. ^Gumprecht A,Tillack F,Orlov NL,Captain A,Ryabov S (2004).Asian Pitvipers. First Edition. Berlin: GeitjeBooks. 368 pp.ISBN 3-937975-00-4.
  6. ^Chandramouli, S.R.;Campbell, Patrick D.;Vogel, Gernot (1 November 2020)."A new species of green pit viper of the genusTrimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Nicobar Archipelago, Indian Ocean"(PDF).Amphibian & Reptile Conservation.14 (3):169–176. Retrieved9 November 2020.
  7. ^Rathee YS,Purkayastha J,Lalremsanga HT,Dalal S,Biakzuala L,Muansanga L,Mirza ZA (2022).A new cryptic species of green pit viper of the genusTrimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Serpentes, Viperidae) from northeast India. PLoS ONE 17(5): e0268402.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268402
  8. ^Karmakar, Rahul."New species of venomous snake registered from Northeast".The Hindu. Retrieved24 March 2022.
  9. ^Sumontha M,Kunya K,Pauwels OSG,Nitikul A,Punnadee S (2011). "Trimeresurus (Popeia) phuketensis, a New Pitviper (Squamata: Viperidae) from Phuket Island, Southwestern Thailand".Russian Journal of Herpetology18 (3): 11–17.
  10. ^Mirza, Zeeshan A;Bhosale, Harshal S.;Phansalkar, Pushkar U.;Sawant, Mandar;Gowande, Gaurang G.;Patel, Harshil (15 April 2020)."A New Species of Green Pit Vipers of the GenusTrimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia, Serpentes, Viperidae) from western Arunachal Pradesh, India".Zoosystematics and Evolution.96 (1):123–138.doi:10.3897/zse.96.48431. Retrieved24 April 2020.
  11. ^abTrimeresurus at theReptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 2 February 2017.
  12. ^Kraus F,Mink DG,Brown WM (1996). "Crotaline intergeneric relationships based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data".Copeia1996: 763–773.
  13. ^abMalhotra A,Thorpe RS (2004). "A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers (Trimeresurus andOvophis)".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution32: 83–100.
  14. ^abCastoe TA,Parkinson CL (2006). "Bayesian mixed models and the phylogeny of pitvipers (Viperidae: Serpentes)".Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.39: 91–110.
  15. ^Grismer LL,Grismer JL,McGuire JA (2006). "A new species of pitviper of the genusPopeia (Squamata: Viperidae) from Pulau Tioman, Pahang, West Malaysia".Zootaxa1305: 1–19.
  16. ^Vogel G (2006).Venomous Snakes of Asia / Giftschlangen Asiens. Frankfurt am Main: Terralog, Edition Chimaira.
  17. ^David, Patrick; Vogel, Gernot;Dubois, Alain (2011). "On the need to follow rigorously the Rules of theCode for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: the case of the nominal genusTrimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae)".Zootaxa2992: 1–51.

Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toTrimeresurus.
Wikispecies has information related toTrimeresurus.
Snakes in the genusTrimeresurus
Trimeresurus
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