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| Asháninka | |
|---|---|
| "Campa" | |
 Table with abc in a small school of the people of Asháninca in Peru (Prov. Puerto Inca, Huanuco Region) | |
| Native to | Peru andBrazil |
| Ethnicity | Asháninka people |
Native speakers | 35,000 (2007)[1] 63,000 all varieties Ashaninka & Asheninka (2007 census)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cni |
| Glottolog | asha1243 |
| ELP | Asháninka |
Asháninka (also known asCampa, although this name is derogatory[2][3][4]) is anArawakan language spoken by theAsháninka people ofPeru andBrazil. It is largely spoken in theSatipo Province located in the amazon forest.[5] While there are low literacy rates in Asháninka, language use is vibrant among the Asháninka.
The Campa (or Pre-Andean) group of theMaipurean language family includes what have been called Asháninka, Gran Pajonal Campa, Ashéninka, Axaninca, Machiguenga, and Nomatsiguenga. As these are all very closely related linguistic systems, the decision to call themdialects of a single language or different languages rests on social and political considerations rather than linguistic similarity or difference, as in so many other places in the world. Attempts to unify the varieties with one written standard have not been successful.
The language has also been called both Asháninka and Campa; the latter of which is considered by the Asháninka to be offensive, as it derives from theQuechua wordthampa, meaning ragged and dirty. Like all languages that have a predominance in any particular region of Perú, Asháninka is an official language in the area in which it is spoken, as provided by theConstitution. Literacy rates range from 10% to 30%, compared to 15% to 25% literacy for the second language,Spanish.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | tʲ | k | |
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||
| Fricative | β | s | ʃ | h | |
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
| Rhotic | ɾ | ||||
| Semivowel | j |
Following voiced nasals, voiceless plosives become voiced. Preceding ana vowel, a/k/ sound becomes labialized as[kʷ]. A labial sound[w] is formed when two vowels/oa/ are together.[6]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a | |
| English | Spanish | Asháninka | Yanesha' |
|---|---|---|---|
| one | uno | aparo | pat̃e’ts |
| two | dos | apite | epa |
| three | tres | maava | ma’pa |
| man | hombre | shirampari | yacma/encanesha’ |
| woman | mujer | tsinane | peno |
| dog | perro | otsiti | ochec |
| sun | sol | poreatsiri | atsne’ |
| wind | viento | tampia | m̃orr |
| moon | luna | cashiri | arrorr |
| water | agua | nija | pat̃err |
This language can be categorized as vulnerable for a multitude of reasons. South America has been a target for logging and other deforestation efforts, that are oftentimes illegal. Those that speak Asháninka call the historically dense rainforests of Peru and Brazil their home, and live off this land. This habitat, specially in the Peruvian side, faces a moderate threat from logging and other destructive practices by outside forces.
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