Asger Jorn | |
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_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg) Jorn photographed in 1963 byErling Mandelmann | |
| Born | Asger Oluf Jørgensen (1914-03-03)3 March 1914 |
| Died | 1 May 1973(1973-05-01) (aged 59) Århus, Denmark |
| Known for | Painting |
| Notable work | Stalingrad |
| Movement | COBRA, theSituationist International |
| Part of thePolitics series on |
| TheSituationist International |
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Asger Oluf Jorn (3 March 1914 – 1 May 1973) was a Danish painter, sculptor,ceramic artist, and author. He was a founding member of theavant-garde movementCOBRA and theSituationist International.
The largest collection of Jorn's works—including his major workStalingrad—can be seen in theMuseum Jorn, Silkeborg, Denmark. Jorn willed his property and the works of art located inside to the Municipality of Albissola Marina (Savona), so the Italian museum called "Casa Museo Jorn" was created for displaying his works.[1]
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He was born inVejrum, in the northwest corner ofJutland, Denmark, and baptizedAsger Oluf Jørgensen.
He was the second oldest of six children, an elder brother toJørgen Nash. Both of his parents were teachers. His father, Lars Peter Jørgensen, afundamentalist Christian, died from pneumonia[2] (contracted after a car crash) when Asger was 12 years old. His mother, Maren,née Nielsen, was more liberal but nevertheless a deeply committed Christian. This early heavy Christian influence had a negative effect on Asger who began progressively to inwardly rebel against it, and more generally against other forms of authority.
In 1929, aged 15, he was diagnosed withtuberculosis, although he made a recovery from it after spending three months on the west coast of Jutland. By the age of 16 he was influenced byN. F. S. Grundtvig, and although he had already started to paint, Asger enrolled in the Vinthers Seminarium, a teacher-training college inSilkeborg where he paid particular attention to a course in 19th centuryScandinavian thought. Also at about this time Jorn became the subject of a number of oil paintings by the painter Martin Kaalund-Jørgensen, which encouraged Jorn to try his hand in this medium.
When he graduated from college in 1935, the principal wrote a reference for him which said that he had attained "an extraordinary rich personal development and maturity" – especially because of his wide reading in areas outside the topics required for his studies. While at college he joined the small Silkeborg branch of theCommunist Party of Denmark and came under the direct influence of thesyndicalistChristian Christensen, with whom he became close friends and who, Jorn was later to write, was to become a second father to him.[3]
In 1936 he traveled (on aBSA motorbike he had scraped together enough money to buy) to Paris to become a student ofKandinsky. However, when he discovered that Kandinsky was having economic difficulties, barely able to sell his own paintings, Jorn decided to joinFernand Léger'sAcadémie Contemporaine; it was during this period that he turned away from figurative painting and to abstract art. In 1937 he joinedLe Corbusier in working on thePavillon des Temps Nouveaux at the1937 Paris Exhibition. He returned again to Denmark in the summer of 1937. He again traveled to Paris in the summer of 1938, before returning to Denmark, traveling toLøkken,Silkeborg andCopenhagen.[4] Asger Jorn was a good friend of the Danish art dealer Børge Birch, owner of Galerie Birch, who sold his art as early as the 1930s. Later on Jorn held many group exhibitions and solo exhibitions in different galleries.
From 1937 to 1942, he studied at theRoyal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen.
The occupation of Denmark by Nazi Germany was a time of deep crisis for Jorn, who had been deeply inculcated with pacifism. The occupation initially sank him into deep depression. He subsequently became active in the communistresistance movement. During the war he also co-founded with the architect Robert Dahlmann Olsen the underground art group, Helhesten or "hell-horse," and was a contributor to its journal with the same name,Helhesten. In 1939, he wrote the key theoretical essay, "Intimate Banalities," published inHelhesten, which claimed that the future of art was kitsch and praised amateur landscape paintings as "the best art today." He was also the first person to translateFranz Kafka into Danish.
After the war, he complained that opportunities for critical thinking within the context of the communist arena had been curtailed by what he characterised as a centralised bourgeois political control. Finding this unacceptable, he broke with theCommunist Party of Denmark, although he did not hand in his membership until the mid-1960s and remained committed philosophically to a revision of the Marxist analysis of capitalism from the point of view of the artist.
He traveled again to France where in the autumn of 1948 he, together withChristian Dotremont andConstant, foundedCOBRA (a Europeanavant-garde art movement), and edited monographs of the Bibliothèque Cobra. However, by 1949 Jorn had started a relationship with Matie van Domselaer, the daughter of the composerJakob van Domselaer and music teacher Maike Middelkoop. She had been married to Constant since 1942 and they had not separated yet. Constant did not take to this kindly, which played a role in the later falling apart of the Cobra Movement.[5] This caused tension in the COBRA group with the Dutch artists boycotting a conference held atBregnerød later that year. Matie and Jorn were married in 1950 and they had a son Ole and daughter Bodil. The COBRA group dissolved in 1951[6]
He returned, impoverished and seriously ill with tuberculosis, to Silkeborg in 1951 and resumed work in the ceramics field in 1953. The following year he traveled toAlbissola Marina in Italy where he became involved with an offshoot of COBRA, theInternational Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus.
In 1954 he metGuy Debord, who was to become a close friend. The two men collaborated on twoartist's books,Fin de Copenhague (1957) andMémoires (1959), along with prints, and forewords to each other's work.
He participated in the conference that led to the merger of theInternational Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus, theLettriste Internationale, andLondon Psychogeographical Association to form theSituationist International in 1957. Here he applied his scientific and mathematical knowledge drawn fromHenri Poincaré andNiels Bohr to develop hissitulogical technique. Jorn never believed in a conception of the Situationist ideas as exclusively artistic and separated from political involvement. He was at the root and at the core of the Situationist International project, fully sharing the revolutionary intentions with Debord.[7][8] The Situationist general principles were an attack on the capitalist exploitation and degradation of the life of people, and solution of alternative life experiences, construction of situations, unitary urbanism, psychogeography, with the union of play, freedom and critical thinking. Such general principles were applied by Jorn to painting.[9]
In 1961 he amicably quit his activity in the SI, still fully supporting its contents and goals, and continuing to support it financially, but believing that the new strategy of the SI was ineffective.[10][11]
He went on to found theScandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism inSilkeborg and contributed material to theSituationist Times. Later, he donated a museum for modern art to the Danish town of Silkeborg, near where he grew up. He was to remain close to Debord, however, and continued to fund Situationist publications.[12]
His philosophical systemTriolectics was given a practical manifestation through the development ofthree sided football.
His first American solo exhibition was at the Lefebre Gallery in 1962. After 1966, Jorn continued to produce oil paintings while traveling throughout Europe collecting images with photographerGerard Franceschi for his vast archive of "10,000 Years of Nordic Folk Art". He traveled extensively, to Cuba, England, and the far east. Jorn traveled to the United States for the only time in 1970, for a gallery opening at Lefebre Gallery. He had earlier asserted that he refused to travel to a country that made visitors sign a statement maintaining that they were not communists.
In 1964, he was awarded aGuggenheim Award including a generous cash prize, by an international jury assembled byLawrence Alloway.[13] The following day Jorn sent this telegram to the president of the Guggenheim,Harry F. Guggenheim:[14][15]
GO TO HELL WITH YOUR MONEY BASTARD—STOP—REFUSE PRICE [sic] —STOP—NEVER ASKED FOR IT—STOP—AGAINST ALL DECENSY [sic] MIX ARTIST AGAINST HIS WILL IN YOUR PUBLICITY—STOP—I WANT PUBLIC CONFIRMATION NOT TO HAVE PARTICIPATED IN YOUR RIDICULOUS GAME JORN
During the course of his artistic career he produced over 2,500 paintings, prints, drawings, ceramics, sculptures, artist's books, collages, décollages, and collaborative tapestries.
He died inAarhus, Denmark on 1 May 1973. He is buried in the cemetery atGrötlingbo Church, on the island of Gotland in Sweden.
The first edition ofLuck and Chance was Jorn's first published book, issued privately to subscribers in 1952. It was written at the Silkeborg Sanatorium during his convalescence from a serious attack of tuberculosis aggravated by malnutrition and scurvy. Later in the process, it also became intended as a doctoral dissertation which was refused by a professor of philosophy at Copenhagen University. It is, amongst other things, a critique of Kierkegaard's triad of aesthetic, ethical and religious stages, and of his definition of truth. Another powerful influence appears to be present in ghostly form : Friedrich Nietzsche. It is one of the most fundamental texts to understand Jorn's undertaking of "a reconstruction of philosophy from the point of view of an artist".
Critique of Political Economy and the Exploitation of the Unique (1961)
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This book consists of two parts. The first is a concise critique of the apparent contradictions in Marx'sDas Kapital which Jorn uses to prepare the ground for a discussion of how the work of "the creative elite" can have "value" in any future society aligned on communist principles. This was originally published in French in 1959 by theInternationale Situationniste and is the most straightforward and least discursive of all of Jorn's texts, probably because Guy Debord had a hand in the editing. The second part is a long polemic against contemporaneous Russian revisionism and the failed attempt by Denmark and Britain to join the Common Market, before coming to Jorn's main proposal, an economically independent international "creative elite" adopting typical Scandinavian institutions to realize "artistic value" for the greater universal good. He also attempts to reconcile the unique and individual position of the "creative elite" with his socialist principles. The second part alternates between objective and subjective modes.
Jorn had noticed some graffiti scratched into the porch at the church inDamville during a visit in 1946. Having noticed similar scratchings in Scandinavia at the cathedrals inRibe,Lund, andTrondheim, Jorn decided to study the phenomenon. He was able to make a trip to Normandy in 1961 with Franceschi. They were able to record a number of such markings inEure andCalvados, but not elsewhere. The results of the study were published as a book.[18]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)nella realtà storica, dopo le finte dimissioni del 1961, Keller-Jorn si era appena amichevolmente defilato dalle attività dell’IS, appoggiandone in pieno i contenuti e gli scopi (al punto da continuare a finanziarle), ma giudicandone poco efficace la nuova strategia.
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