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"x as a service" (rendered as*aaS in acronyms) is aphrasal template for anybusiness model in which a product use is offered as asubscription-based service rather than as an artifact owned and maintained by the customer. The converse of conducting or operating something "as a service" is doing the same using "on-premise" assets (such ason-premises software) orlump sum investments. Originating from thesoftware-as-a-service concept that appeared in the 2010s with the advent ofcloud computing,[1][2] the template has expanded to numerous offerings in the field ofinformation technology and beyond it. The termXaaS can mean "anything as a service".[a]
The following is an alphabetical list of business models named in this way, including certain forms ofcybercrime (criminal business models).
Backend as a service (BaaS), sometimes also referred to as mobile backend as a service (MBaaS),[4][5][6] is a service for providingweb app andmobile app developers with a way to easily build abackend to theirfrontend applications. Features available include user management,push notifications, and integration withsocial networking services.[7] These services are provided via the use of customsoftware development kits (SDKs) andapplication programming interfaces (APIs). BaaS is a relatively recent development in cloud computing,[8] with most BaaSstartups dating from 2011 or later.[9][10][11] Some of the most popular service providers areAWS Amplify andFirebase.
Banking as a service (BaaS) is the provision ofbanking products (such as deposit accounts, loans and credit cards) to customers through non-bank or non-financial third party partnerships. The bank provides the balance sheet management, including capital, liquidity and credit risk management, while the partner company (typically a fintech) interacts directly with the customer via their proprietary app, often accessing the bank's systems and data viaAPIs.
Blockchain as a service (BaaS) is an enterprise-level software service[12] that allows businesses to usecloud-based integration solutions to build, host and use their ownblockchain apps,smart contracts and functions on theblockchain infrastructure developed by avendor. Just like the growing trend of usingsoftware as a service (SaaS)[13]
where access to thesoftware is provided on a subscription basis, BaaS provides a business with access to ablockchain network of its desired configuration without the business having to develop their ownblockchain and build in-house expertise on the subject.[14]
Content as a service (CaaS) or managed content as a service (MCaaS) is a service-oriented model, where the service provider delivers the content on demand to the service consumer via web services that are licensed under subscription. The content is hosted by the service provider centrally inthe cloud and offered to a number of consumers that need the content delivered into any applications or system, hence content can be demanded by the consumers as and when required.
Data as a service (DaaS) is acloud-based software tool used for working with data, such as managing data in adata warehouse or analyzing data withbusiness intelligence. It is enabled bysoftware as a service (SaaS).[16] Like all "as a service" (aaS) technology, DaaS builds on the concept that its data product can be provided to the user on demand,[17] regardless of geographic or organizational separation between provider and consumer.Service-oriented architecture (SOA) and the widespread use ofAPIs have rendered the platform on which the data resides as irrelevant.[18]
With a database as a service model (DBaaS), users pay fees to a cloud provider for services and computing resources, reducing the amount of money and effort needed to develop and manage databases.[19] Users are given tools to create and manage database instances, and control users. Some cloud providers also offer tools to manage database structures and data.[20] Many cloud providers offer both relational (Amazon RDS, SQL Server) and NoSQL (MongoDB, Amazon DynamoDB) databases.[20] This is a type ofsoftware as a service (SaaS).
Data management can also be done through the "as a service" business model, according to the bookData Management as a Service for Dummies.[21]
DDoS-as-a-Service (DDoSaaS) is acybercrime model in which individuals can hire hackers to execute andistributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack against a specified target for a fee, typically paid in cryptocurrency, making such attacks more accessible to those without technical expertise.[22]
Remote desktop virtualization can also be provided viacloud computing similar to that provided using asoftware as a service model. This approach is usually referred to as cloud-hosted virtual desktops. Cloud-hosted virtual desktops are divided into two technologies:
Energy storage as a service (ESaaS) allows a facility to benefit from the advantages of anenergy storage system by entering into a service agreement without purchasing the system. Energy storage systems provide a range of services to generaterevenue, createsavings, and improveelectricity resiliency. The operation of the ESaaS system is a unique combination of an advanced battery storage system, anenergy management system, and a service contract which can deliver value to a business by providing reliable power more economically.
Exploit as a service (EaaS) is a scheme ofcybercriminals wherebyzero-day vulnerabilities are leased tohackers.[23] EaaS is typically offered as acloud service.[24] By the end of 2021, EaaS became more of a trend among ransomware groups.[25]
Under the acronymEaaS, the following business models have been discussed in journals and conferences:
Function as a service is a "platform-level cloud capability" that enables its users "to build and manage microservices applications with low initial investment for scalability," according to ISO/IEC 22123-2.[30]
In thevideo game industry, alive service game (also referred to as games as a service, abbreviated to GaaS) represents providing video games or game content on a continuing revenue model, similar tosoftware as a service. Live service games are ways tomonetize video games either after their initial sale, or to support afree-to-play model. Games released under the live service model typically receive a long or indefinite stream of monetized new content over time to encourage players to continue paying to support the game. This often leads to games that work under a live service model to be called "living games" or "live games" since they continually change with these updates.
GSaaS means outsourcing ground operations to a third-party provider by the satellite operators.[31][32][33]
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is acloud computing service model where a cloud services vendor provides computing resources such as storage, network, servers, andvirtualization (which emulates computer hardware). This service frees users from maintaining their owndata center,[34] but they must install and maintain the operating system and application software.[35] Iaas provides users high-levelAPIs to control details of underlying network infrastructure such as backup, data partitioning, scaling, security and physical computing resources. Services can be scaled on-demand by the user. According to theInternet Engineering Task Force (IETF), such infrastructure is the most basic cloud-service model. IaaS can be hosted in apublic cloud (where users share hardware, storage, and network devices), aprivate cloud (users do not share resources), or ahybrid cloud (combination of both).
Integration platform as a service (iPaaS) is a suite of cloud services enabling customers to develop, execute and govern integration flows between disparate applications.[36] Under the cloud-based iPaaS integration model, customers drive the development and deployment of integrations without installing or managing any hardware or middleware.[37] The iPaaS model allows businesses to achieve integration without big investment into skills or licensed middleware software.[citation needed] iPaaS used to be regarded primarily as an integration tool for cloud-based software applications, used mainly by small to mid-sized business. Over time, a hybrid type of iPaaS—hybrid-IT iPaaS—that connects cloud to on-premises, is becoming increasingly popular. Additionally, large enterprises are exploring new ways of integrating iPaaS into their existing IT infrastructures.
IT as a service (ITaaS) is an operational model where theinformation technology (IT) service provider delivers aninformation technology service to a business.[38][39] The IT service provider can be an internal IT organization or an external IT services company. The recipients of ITaaS can be aline of business (LOB) organization within an enterprise or a small and medium business (SMB). The information technology is typically delivered as amanaged service with a clear IT services catalog and pricing associated with each of the catalog items. At its core, ITaaS is a competitive business model where businesses have many options for IT services and the internal IT organization has to compete against those other external options in order to be the selected IT service provider to the business. Options for providers other than the internal IT organization may include IToutsourcing companies andpublic cloud providers.
Knowledge as a service (KaaS) is a computing service that delivers information to users, backed by aknowledge model, which might be drawn from a number of possible models based ondecision trees,association rules, orneural networks.[40] A knowledge as a service provider responds to knowledge requests from users through a centralised knowledge server, and provides an interface between users and data owners.[41][42]
Logging as a service (LaaS) is anITarchitectural model for centrally ingesting and collecting any type oflog files coming from any given source or location such asservers,applications, devices etc. The files are "normalized" or filtered for reformatting and forwarding to other dependent systems to be processed as “native” data, which can then be managed, displayed and ultimately disposed of according to a predesignated retention schedule based on any number of criteria.
Lighting as a service (LaaS), also known as light as a service, is a service-basedbusiness model in which light service is charged on a subscription basis rather than via a one-time payment. It is managed by third parties,[43] more precisely, by specialized service providers and may include light design, financing, installation, maintenance and other services.[44] The model involves outsourcing of lighting aspects of a business over a period of time.[45]
Mobility as a service (MaaS) is a type of service that enables users to plan, book, and pay for multiple types ofmobility services through an integrated platform.[46][47] Transportation services frompublic andprivate transportation providers are combined through a unified gateway, usually via an app or website, that creates and manages the trip and payments, including subscriptions, with a single account. The key concept behind MaaS is to offer travelers flexible mobility solutions based on their travel needs, thus "mobility as a service" also refers to the broader concept of a shift away from personally-owned modes of transportation and towards mobility provided as a service.
Monitoring as a service (MaaS) is acloud-based framework for the deployment of monitoring functionalities for various other services and applications within the cloud. The most common application for MaaS is online state monitoring, which continuously tracks certain states of applications, networks, systems, instances or any element that may be deployable within the cloud.
Network as a service (NaaS) is a term used to describe the provision of computer networking technology to an organisation as an integrated service. It is related to terms likeinfrastructure as a service (IaaS),platform as a service (PaaS),software as a service (SaaS), andsoftware-defined networking (SDN).
Offshoring as a service (OaaS) is abusiness model in which theoffshore office is not owned by the entity itself, instead it isoutsourced to avendor. The concept ofoffshoring is not new; however, in the past, some companies have tried to open their own offshore offices. The OaaS model leans towards utilizing ateam orcompany which specializes in offshoring work and uses them on acontractual basis as a part of their own team.[48]
Payments as a service (PaaS) is a marketing phrase used to describesoftware as a service to connect a group of internationalpayment systems. The architecture is represented by a layer – or overlay – that resides on top of these disparate systems and provides for two-way communications between the payment system and the PaaS. Communication is governed by standard APIs created by the PaaS provider.
Phishing as a service allows cybercriminals with little technical skills or without resources to launch sophisticatedphishing attacks by providing access to a phishing kit.[49]
Platform as a service (PaaS) or application platform as a service (aPaaS) or platform-based service is acloud computing service model where users provision, instantiate, run and manage a modular bundle of acomputing platform and applications, without the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure associated with developing and launching application(s), and to allow developers to create, develop, and package suchsoftware bundles.[50][51]
Ransomware as a service (RaaS) is acybercrime business model, allowingransomware developers to write and sell harmful code ormalware to otherhackers, often known as affiliates, for their own initiation of ransomware attacks through the use of theirsoftware.[52] Affiliates typically do not need to have any technical skills of their own but can solely rely on the technical skills of their operators. They provide attackers with easier entry for those who may not have skills to develop their own tools, but rather be able to utilize and manage ready-made tools to performattacks. Most of the time they involve some type of arrangement between the affiliate and the operator, making successful ransomware andextortion attacks profitable for both parties.[53]
Recovery as a service (RaaS),[54] sometimes referred to as disaster recovery as a service (DRaaS), is a category ofcloud computing used for protecting an application or data from a natural or human disaster or service disruption at one location by enabling a full recovery in the cloud. RaaS differs from cloud-based backup services by protecting data and providing standby computing capacity on demand to facilitate more rapid application recovery. RaaS capacity is delivered in a cloud-computing model so recovery resources are only paid for when they are used, making it more efficient than a traditional disaster recovery warm site or hot site where the recovery resources must be running at all times.
Robot as a service or robotics as a service (RaaS) is acloud computing unit that facilitates the seamless integration of robot and embedded devices into Web and cloud computing environment. In terms ofservice-oriented architecture (SOA), a RaaS unit includes services for performing functionality, a service directory for discovery and publishing, and service clients for user's direct access.[55][56] The current RaaS implementation facilitatesSOAP and RESTful communications between RaaS units and the other cloud computing units. Hardware support and standards are available to support RaaS implementation. Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS) defines implementation constraints to enable secureWeb Service messaging, discovery, description, and eventing on resource-constrained devices between Web services and devices.
Security as a service (SECaaS) is abusiness model in which aservice provider integrates their security services into a corporate infrastructure on a subscription basis more cost-effectively than most individuals or corporations can provide on their own when thetotal cost of ownership is considered.[57] SECaaS is inspired by the "software as a service" model as applied toinformation security type services and does not require on-premises hardware, avoiding substantial capital outlays.[58][59] These security services often includeauthentication,anti-virus,anti-malware/spyware,intrusion detection, Penetration testing,[60] and security event management, among others.[61]
Software as a service (SaaS/sæs/[62]) is acloud computing service model in which a provider deliversapplication software to clients while managing the required physical and software resources.[63] SaaS applications are accessed via either aweb application or locally-installedsoftware. Unlike othersoftware delivery models, SaaS separates "the possession and ownership of software from its use."[64] SaaS use began around 2000, and by 2023 was the main form of software application deployment.
Transportation as a Service (TaaS) is a transportation system where customers have use of a vehicle over just the time they need it and use of the vehicle may also be shared with other customers.
Workspace as a Service (WaaS) is a desktop virtualization utilised by companies to offer to employees a complete computer environment with remote access.
Unfortunately, the business world has given this baby a jargony name: data as a service, or its diminutive, DaaS.
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