.jpg) First edition cover | |
| Author | William Faulkner |
|---|---|
| Genre | Modernist,Southern Gothic,black comedy |
| Publisher | Jonathan Cape & Harrison Smith |
Publication date | 1930 |
| Preceded by | The Sound and the Fury |
| Followed by | Sanctuary |
| Text | As I Lay Dying online |
As I Lay Dying is a 1930Southern Gothic[1] novel by American authorWilliam Faulkner. Faulkner's fifth novel, it is consistently ranked among the best novels of the 20th century.[2][3][4] The title is derived fromWilliam Marris's 1925 translation ofHomer'sOdyssey,[5] referring to the similar themes of both works.
The novel uses astream-of-consciousness writing technique,multiple narrators, and varying chapter lengths. The work will enter the public domain in the United States on January 1, 2026.[a]
The book is narrated by 15 different characters over 59 chapters. It is the story of the death of Addie Bundren and her poor, rural family's quest to honor her wish to be buried in her hometown ofJefferson, Mississippi as well as the motives—noble or selfish—they show on the journey.
In the novel's opening chapters, Addie is alive but in ill health. She expects to die soon and sits at a window watching as her firstborn child, Cash, builds her coffin. Anse, Addie's husband, waits on the porch, while their daughter, Dewey Dell, fans her mother in the July heat. The night after Addie dies, a heavy rainstorm sets in; rivers rise and wash out bridges that the family will need to cross to get to Jefferson.
The family's trek by wagon begins, with Addie's non-embalmed body in thecoffin. Along the way, Anse and the five children encounter various difficulties. Stubborn Anse frequently rejects any offers of assistance, including meals or lodging, so at times the family goes hungry and sleeps in barns. At other times he refuses to accept loans from people, claiming he wishes to "be beholden to no man", thus manipulating the would-be lender into giving him charity as a gift not to be repaid.
Jewel, Addie's middle child, tries to leave the family after Anse sells Jewel's most prized possession, his horse. Yet Jewel cannot turn his back on his father and siblings through the tribulations of the journey to Jefferson. Cash breaks a leg and winds up riding atop the coffin. He stoically refuses to admit to any discomfort but the family eventually puts a makeshift cast of concrete on his leg. Twice, the family almost loses Addie's coffin—first, while crossing a river on a washed-out bridge (two mules are lost) and then when a fire of suspicious origin starts in the barn where the coffin is being stored for the night.
After nine days, the family arrives in Jefferson, where the stench from the coffin is quickly smelled by the townspeople. In town, family members have different items of business to take care of. Cash's broken leg needs attention. Dewey Dell, for the second time in the novel, goes to a pharmacy, to obtain an abortion that she does not know how to ask for; clerk Skeet MacGowan coerces her into sex in the cellar in exchange for "abortion pills" which are justtalcum powder. First, though, Anse wants to borrow some shovels to bury Addie, because that was the purpose of the trip and the family should be together for that. After that happens, Darl, the second eldest and thoughtful, poetic observer of the family, is seized for the arson of the barn and sent to the Mississippi State Insane Asylum in Jackson.[6] With Addie only just buried, Anse forces Dewey Dell to give up the money from Lafe (the man who got her pregnant) for an abortion, which he spends on getting "new teeth" and quickly marries the woman from whom he borrowed the shovels.
As are many of Faulkner's works, the story is set inYoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, which Faulkner referred to as "my apocryphal county", a fictional rendition of thewriter's home ofLafayette County in the same state.
Faulkner said that he wrote the novel from midnight to 4:00 a.m. over the course of six weeks and that he did not change a word of it.[7] Faulkner spent the first eight hours of his twelve-hour shift at theUniversity of Mississippi Power House shoveling coal or directing other works and the remaining four hours handwriting his manuscript on unlinedonionskin paper.[8]
Throughout the novel, Faulkner presents 15 points of view, each chapter narrated by one character, including Addie, who expresses her thoughts after she has already died. In 59 chapters titled only by their narrators' names, the characters are developed gradually through each other's perceptions and opinions, with Darl's predominating.[9]
As I Lay Dying helped to solidify Faulkner's reputation as a pioneer, likeJames Joyce andVirginia Woolf, ofstream of consciousness. He first used the technique inThe Sound and the Fury, and it givesAs I Lay Dying its distinctly intimate tone, through the monologues of the Bundrens and the passers-by whom they encounter. Faulkner manipulates conventional differences betweenstream of consciousness andinterior monologue. For example, Faulkner has a character such as Darl speak in an interior monologue with far more intellectual diction (and knowledge of his physical environment) than he realistically possesses. This represents an innovation on conventions of interior monologues; asDorrit Cohn states inTransparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Consciousness in Fiction, the language in an interior monologue is "like the language a character speaks to others ... it accords with his time, his place, his social station, level of intelligence ..." The novel represents a progenitor of theSouthern Renaissance, reflecting onbeing,existence, and otherexistentialmetaphysics of everyday life.[10]
As I Lay Dying is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature.[2][3][11] The novel has been reprinted by theModern Library,[12] theLibrary of America, and numerous publishers, includingChatto and Windus in 1970,[13]Random House in 1990,[14]Tandem Library in 1991,[15]Vintage Books in 1996,[16] and theFolio Society in 2013. Faulkner was awarded theNobel Prize in Literature in 1949 for his novels prior to that date, with this book being among them.[17]
The novel has also directly influenced a number of other critically acclaimed books, including British authorGraham Swift's 1996Booker Prize-winning novelLast Orders,[18]Suzan-Lori Parks'sGetting Mother's Body,[19][20] andJesmyn Ward'sSing, Unburied, Sing.[21]
The Grammy-nominatedmetalcore bandAs I Lay Dying derived its name from the novel.[22]
The character of Darl Bundren later appeared in Faulkner's 1935 short story "Uncle Willy".[23]
An adaptation of the novel byEdward Kemp was staged by theYoung Vic company in May 1998.[24]
| Preceded by | Novels set inYoknapatawpha County | Succeeded by |
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