As-salamu alaykum (Arabic:ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ,romanized: as-salāmu ʿalaykum,pronounced[as.sa.laː.muʕa.laj.kum]ⓘ), also writtensalamun alaykum and typically rendered in English assalam alaykum, is a greeting inArabic that means 'Peace be upon you'. The wordsalām (سَلَام, meaning 'peace') has become a religioussalutation forMuslims[1][2] worldwide when greeting each other, though its use as a greeting predatesIslam, and is also common amongArabic speakers of other religions (such asArab Christians andMizrahi Jews), and speakers of languages with Arabic loanwords, such as the use ofsalaam byIndian Christians who speakHindi-Urdu in thenorthern Indian subcontinent.[3][4]
In colloquial speech, often the shortened formsalām is used to greet a person,[5] and it has come to be used as the general salutation in other languages as well.
The typical response to the greeting iswa-ʿalaykumu s-salām (وَعَلَيْكُمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ[wa.ʕa.laj.ku.mu‿s.sa.laːm]ⓘ, 'and peace be upon you'). In the Quranic period one repeatedas-salamu alaykum, but the inverted response is attested in Arabic not long after its appearance inHebrew.[6] The phrase may also be expanded toas-salāmu ʿalaykum wa-raḥmatu -llāhi wa-barakātuhᵘ̄ (ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ[as.sa.laː.muʕa.laj.kumwa.raħ.ma.tu‿ɫ.ɫaː.hiwa.ba.ra.kaː.tu.hu], 'Peace be upon you, as well as the mercy ofGod and His blessings').
The phrase is normally pronounced according to localdialects of speakers and is very often shortened. For example, in Egypt, the phrase and its response are pronounced[sæˈlæːmuʕæˈleːku] and[weʕæˈleːkomes.sæˈlæːm].
The expression commonly uses the second person plural masculine, even when used to address one person. It may be modified by choosing the appropriateenclitic pronoun to address a person in the masculine and feminine singular form, the dual form, or the feminine plural form. The conjugations are as follows (note: according to the standard pronunciation rules ofClassical Arabic, the last short vowel in each word is not pronounced inpausa):
A third-person variant,ʿalayhi as-salām, "peace be upon him", is often used by Muslims for prophets other than Muhammad and other holy personalities, such as angels.
According to Islamic tradition, the origin of the greeting "Peace be upon you" dates back to the first human, Adam:
Abu Huraira reported: The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, "Allah said: Go and greet with peace these groups of assembled angels and listen to how they greet you, for this will be the greeting among your progeny. Adam said:Peace be upon you. The angels said:Peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah. Thus, they added the mercy of Allah"[11]
The final Prophet said, "None of you will enter paradise until you believe and you will not believe until you love one another. Shall I not tell you about something which, if you do it, you will love one another? Spread salaam amongst yourselves."[12]
It is also stated that one should give the Salam greeting upon entering a house. This is based upon a verse of the Quran: "However, when you enter houses, greet one another with a greeting ˹of peace˺ from Allah, blessed and good. This is how Allah makes His revelations clear to you, so perhaps you will understand." (An-Nur 24:61).[13]
The phrase appears a total of 7 times in the Quran, each time assalamun ʿalaykum (Arabic:سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ). InClassical Arabic, used in theQur'an and earlyHadith manuscripts, the phrase is spelled as"ٱلسَّلَٰمُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَتُ ٱللَّٰهِ وَبَرَكَٰتُهُ". InRasm, it is written as"السلم علىکم ورحمٮ الله وٮرکٮه".
وَإِذَا جَاءَكَ الَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِآيَاتِنَا فَقُلْسَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ كَتَبَ رَبُّكُمْ عَلَىٰ نَفْسِهِ الرَّحْمَةَ أَنَّهُ مَنْ عَمِلَ مِنكُمْ سُوءًا بِجَهَالَةٍ ثُمَّ تَابَ مِن بَعْدِهِ .وَأَصْلَحَ فَأَنَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ (54) "When those who have faith in Our signs come to you, say, 'Peace to you! Your Lord has made mercy incumbent upon Himself: whoever of you commits an evil [deed] out of ignorance and then repents after that and reforms, then He is indeed All-Forgiving, All-Merciful (54).'"
وَبَيْنَهُمَا حِجَابٌ وَعَلَى الْأَعْرَافِ رِجَالٌ يَعْرِفُونَ كُلًّا بِسِيمَاهُمْ وَنَادَوْا أَصْحَابَ الْجَنَّةِ أَنسَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ لَمْ يَدْخُلُوهَا وَهُمْ يَطْمَعُونَ.(46) "And there will be a veil between them. And on the Elevations will be certain men who recognize each of them by their mark. They will call out to the inhabitants of paradise, 'Peace be to you!' They will not have entered it, though they would be eager to do so (46)."
سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُم بِمَا صَبَرْتُمْ ۚ فَنِعْمَ عُقْبَى ٱلدَّارِ "'Peace be to you, for your patience.' How excellent is the reward of the [ultimate] abode!"
الَّذِينَ تَتَوَفَّاهُمُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ طَيِّبِينَ ۙ يَقُولُونَسَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمُ ادْخُلُوا الْجَنَّةَ بِمَا كُنتُمْ تَعْمَلُونَ (32) "Those whom the angels take away while they are pure. They say [to them], 'Peace be to you! Enter paradise because of what you used to do (32).'"
قَالَسَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ سَأَسْتَغْفِرُ لَكَ رَبِّي إِنَّهُ كَانَ بِي حَفِيًّا (47) "He said, 'Peace be to you! I shall plead with my Lord to forgive you. Indeed He is gracious to me(47).'"
وَإِذَا سَمِعُوا اللَّغْوَ أَعْرَضُوا عَنْهُ وَقَالُوا لَنَا أَعْمَالُنَا وَلَكُمْ أَعْمَالُكُمْسَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ لَا نَبْتَغِي الْجَاهِلِينَ (55) "And when they hear vain talk, they avoid it and say, 'Our deeds belong to us, and your deeds belong to you.Peace be to you. We do not court the ignorant (55).'"
وَسِيقَ ٱلَّذِينَ ٱتَّقَوْا۟ رَبَّهُمْ إِلَى ٱلْجَنَّةِ زُمَرًا ۖ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا جَآءُوهَا وَفُتِحَتْ أَبْوَابُهَا وَقَالَ لَهُمْ خَزَنَتُهَاسَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ طِبْتُمْ فَٱدْخُلُوهَا خَالِدِينَ "Those who are wary of their Lord will be led to paradise in throngs. When they reach it, and its gates are opened, its keepers will say to them, 'Peace be to you! You are welcome! Enter it to remain [forever].'"
Other variants, such assalamun ʿalā (سَلَامٌ عَلَىٰ), or the termsalam (سَلَام) alone is also mentioned in several other Ayahs of the Qur'an.
InIran,Afghanistan,Azerbaijan andTajikistan,Salâm (سلام) is used alone more frequently, with occasional use ofSalam-o aleykom and the more commonbeh salâmat (به سلامت), meaning "[go] with peace". Goodbye is supplanted by aKhudâ hâfez (Persian:خدا حافظ), meaning "with the protection of God".
InAlbania andKosovo, a diminutive form in the Albanian language,Selamun Alejkem orSelamun Alejqum is rarely used, the 'q' being a voiceless palatal stop typical ofBalkan Turkish and Thracian Turkish phonology.[14] Similarly,Bosniaks andMacedonian Muslims use the phrase "selam alejkum" (Cyrillic:селам алејкум).
InAmharic, the nativeAmharic termSelam is used in place ofTadias, which is the equivalent of "What's up".
InTurkey,Kazakhstan andKyrgyzstan, many religious people useÄs-sälamwaleykum orselamun aleyküm and shake hands and it is the same for saying "Hello"; more secular and non-religious people saySelam and in Kazakhstan saySälem orSälemetsız be as an equivalent to "Hello" or "Hi". However, many Turks pronounce it differently asSelamün aleyküm.
InPakistan, the greeting is also associated with shaking right hands and is also often accompanied with a hug when meeting infrequently (only between the same gender). In some places, people put a hand on their heart as they shake your hand and greet. Also, the full greeting (As-salamu alaykum) is preferred versus the shorter greeting of "salam" or "salamu alaykum". Goodbye is supplanted by a "Khuda Hafiz" or the variation "Allah Hafiz", both of which mean "May God protect you".
InIndia, the greeting mostly among Muslims is a simple handshake or hug, As-salamu alaykum (Hindi:असलम अलैकुम) or the shorter greeting "Salam" is used in informal situations. For "goodbye", the locution "Khuda Hafiz" (Hindi:ख़ुदा हाफ़िज़,romanized: Xudā Hāfiz) or the alternative form "Allah Hafiz" (Hindi:अल्लाह हाफ़िज़,romanized: Allāh Hāfiz), both of which mean "May God protect you", is used.
InBangladesh, Assalamu alaikum (Bengali:আসসালামু আলাইকুম) is the most common Muslim greeting.[15] Some Muslims greet their elders with these words whilst raising their right hand to the forehead.[16] Assalamu alaikum is even used as to say goodbye, while many others say "Khoda Hafez" or "Allah Hafez" (Bengali:আল্লাহ হাফেজ,romanized: Āllāha hāphêj) "May God protect you".
InIndonesia, the greeting is sometimes mixed with othergreeting phrases of other religions. Informally, it is also often shortened intoSamlekom, a recent phenomenon, but this usage sometimes comes into criticism.[17]
Shortening the greeting to acronyms, such asA.S.,As'kum (inMalaysia), orAsA is becoming common amongst Internet users in chat rooms and by people usingSMS. This trend is similar to writing (S) or SAWS in place ofṣallā llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam.
InChechnya and other parts of the Caucasus, Salamun Alaykum (Chechen:Саламун алайкум) is used to say hello, inOssetia, a corrupted version of Salam is used (Ossetian:Салам).
InSenegal which has a majority of Muslims withTasawwuf-orientation, it is a common greeting. Spelled and pronounced inWolof: "a-sala māleykum", with the reply being "må-lekum salām."
InXinjiang, China, "Essalam eleykum" is used as a greeting byUyghurs, and the reply is "We-eleykum essalam".
InPortugal, the expressionSalamaleque gained a totally distinct and curious meaning: due to the habit ofIberian Arabs to bow and wave their hand when greeting a person, the expression "Salamaleque" is applied to exaggerated movements or acts in order to appear to be formal, entertaining or fancy. For example: "Os rapazes chegaram cheios de salamaleques".
InItaly,Salamelecco has a similar meaning, referring to excessive courtesy and politeness.
InFrance,salamalec has similar meaning, referring to excessive flattery.
InMalta,Is-sliem għalikom is often used inCatholic Church masses as a way of greeting, often by the priest, as a way of saying "peace be upon you". As theMaltese language derives fromArabic, it inherited and still uses Arabic terms for religion amongst other things.
In theMaldives, "އައްސަލާމް ޢަލައިކުމް" (assalaam 'alaikum) is used as a common formal greeting, used similar to "hello".[18]
InNigeria, the phraseassalamu alaikum is used as a formal greeting by Muslims.
InKurdish, the phrase "selam eleykum" is used as a formal greeting among, often shortened to just "selam".
InRussia, Muslims use variations of the phrase, such as "салам алейкум" (Russian), "салам алейкум" or "ассаламу ӏалайкум" (Chechen), "әссәләмәғәләйкүм" (Bashkir), and "әссәламү галәйкүм" (Tatar).
^abDuerksen, Darren Todd (2015).Ecclesial Identities in a Multi-Faith Context: Jesus Truth-Gatherings (Yeshu Satsangs) among Hindus and Sikhs in Northwest India. Wipf and Stock Publishers.ISBN978-1-62564-655-2.But they prefer "jai masih ki." Or older people prefer "salaam." ... In the northwest, as elsewhere in India, people's form of greeting often identifies the community from which a person comes. Because of this, Christians are often taught to say "Jai Masih ki" as a distinct form of greeting.
^abArendonk, C. van; Gimaret, D. (2012-04-24),"Salām",Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved2024-02-05
^Laqit's date is uncertain and contested by other sources. He usessalām according to Van Arendonk and other scholars; see, however,Nöldeke, Theodor (1862)."Beitrage zur altarabischen litteratur und geschichte".Orient und Occident (in German). Vol. 1. Dieterich. p. 708.كتاب (besser) Agânî. Ibn Duraid S. 105.
