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Arwi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Arabic alphabet used in Tamil language
Arwi / Arabu-Tamil
أروي‎ /عَرَبُتَّمِۻْ
Arwi written in Arabic Script
Script type
Period
At least 13th century-present
StatusReligious uses only
DirectionRight-to-left script Edit this on Wikidata
RegionIndia,Sri Lanka
LanguagesTamil
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Arabi Malayalam
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Arab(160), ​Arabic
Unicode
Unicode alias
Arabic
 This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Arwi (أَرْوِيُّʾArwīyyu) orArabu-Tamil (Tamil:அரபுத்தமிழ்,عَرَبُ تَّمِۻْAraputtamiḻ) is anArabic-influenced dialect of theTamil language written with anextension of the Arabic alphabet, with extensivelexical and phonetic influences from the Arabic language. Arwi has been used extensively by theMuslims of theTamil Nadu state ofIndia andSri Lanka.

History

[edit]
Arwi script in a tombstone atKilakarai,Old Jumma Masjid
A multilingual advertisement with a catalogue of books and textiles available from a shop in Ponnani in 1908. Text on the left hand side is Arabi-Tamil, text on the right hand side,Arabi Malayalam script

Arwi was an outcome of the cultural synthesis between seafaring Arabs andTamil-speaking Muslims ofTamil Nadu. This language was enriched, promoted and developed inKayalpattinam. It had a rich body of work in jurisprudence,Sufism, law, medicine andsexology, of which little has been preserved. It was used as a bridge language for Tamil Muslims to learn Arabic.[1] The patrons of Arwi do not seem to have been highly associated with any political powers of Southern Indian history, including Muslim-ruled states (such as theDeccan sultanates), which were rather influenced by Central Asia and Northern India, preferring the use ofPersian,Dakhni and laterUrdu. It is therefore a community-based script and dialect, limited to theLabbays and theMarrakayars communities in Southern India, and to theSri Lankan Moors and theIndian Moors of Ceylon. Manyhadith manuscripts have been found. Most of thefiqh books, particularly those ofImaam Abu Hanifa andImaam Shaafi, have been found in Arwi.

There was also a translation of theBible into Arwi in 1926.

Arwi still has a place among the moreArwi Muslim andSri Lankan Moor families.

Script

[edit]

The Arwi alphabet is the Arabic alphabet, with thirteen additional letters used to represent the Tamil vowelse ando and several Tamil consonants that could not be mapped to Arabic sounds.[2]

Vowels

[edit]
Arwi vowels arranged according to theTamil order(right to left)[3]
اَاٰيِـ‎(1)يِيْـ(1)اُاُوْيࣣـ(1)يࣣيْـ(1)اَيْـاٗاٗوْاَوْ
ி
◌َ◌َـا◌ِ◌ِيْـ / ◌ِيْ◌ُ◌ُوْ◌ࣣ◌ࣣيْـ / ◌ࣣيْ◌َيْـ / ◌َيْ◌ٗ◌ٗوْ◌َوْ◌ْ
aāiīuūeēaioōau
Notes
  1. Unlike other vowels, and unlike in Persian, Urdu, or Arabic, when vowelsi, ī, e, ē come at the beginning of a word (respectivelyஇ, ஈ, எ, ஏ), the vowel carrier is notalif (ا) but is insteadyeh (یـ). This spelling indicates the loss of glottal stop in words which start with these vowels, and its replacement by apalatal sound. In rare cases, these vowels have indeed been written withalif as their base.

Consonants

[edit]
Arwi alphabet[3]
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA]
ا
‌(ஆ)
(ā)

[]/[ʔ]/[]
ب
‌(ப)
(b)

[b]
ت1
‌(த)
(t)

[t]
ث1
‌(த)
(t)

[t]
ج
‌(ஜ)
(j)

[d͡ʒ]
چ2
‌(ச)
(c)

[t͡ʃ]
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA]
ح
‌(ஹ)
(h)

[h]
خ
‌(க / ஃக)
(k, kh)

[k]([x])
د
‌(த)
(d)

[t]([d])
ڊ3
‌(ட)
(ṭ)

[ʈ]
ذ
‌(ஜ / ஃஜ)
(z)

[d͡ʒ]([z])
ر
‌(ற)
(ṟ)

[r]
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA]
ڔ
‌(ர)
(r)

[ɾ]
ز
‌(ஜ / ஃஜ)
(z)

[d͡ʒ]([z])
س
‌(ஸ)
(s)

[s]
ش2
‌(ச)(ஷ, ஶ)
(c, ṣ, ś)

[t͡ɕ]/[ʂ~ʃ]
ص
‌(ச)
(c)

[t͡ʃ]
ض
‌(த)
(t)

[t]
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA]
صٜ4
‌(ள)
(ḷ)

[ɭ]
ۻ4
‌(ழ)
(ḻ)

[ɻ]
ط
‌(த)
(t)

[t]
ظ
‌(ச)
(c)

[t͡ʃ]
ع
‌(-)
(’)

[ʔ]

‌(ங)
(ṅ)

[ŋ]
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA]
غ
‌(க)
(k, gh)

[k]
ف
‌(ப / ஃப)
(f)

[f]
ڣ
‌(ப)
(p)

[p]
ق
‌(க)
(k, q)

[k]
ك5
‌(க)
(k)

[k]
5
‌(க)
(k)

[g]
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA]
ل
‌(ல)
(l)

[l]
م
‌(ம)
(m)

[m]
ن6
‌(ந, ன, ஞ)
(n, ṉ, ñ)

[]/[n]/[ɲ]
ڹ
‌(ண)
(ṇ)

[ɳ]
و
‌(வ)(ௌ, ோ, ூ)
(v, au, ō, ū)

[v]/[aʊ̯][][]
ه
‌(ஹ)
(h)

[h]
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA]
ي
‌(ய)(ை, ே, ீ)
(y, ai, ē, ī)

[j]/[aɪ̯][][]
Notes
  1. The letter, representing the sound[t], has been written with the Arabic letterت in the beginning of word,geminated, or in combination with other consonants. This letter has been written with the Arabic letterث in between vowels.
  2. The letter, representing the sound [t͡ʃ~t͡ɕ], has been written with the Arabic letterچ in the beginning of word,geminated, or after a nasal consonant. This letter has been written with the Arabic letterش in at the beginning of words and in between vowels. The Arabic letterش also represents the Tamil letter, representing the sound[ʂ] and the Tamil letter representing the sound[ʃ].
  3. For when this letter is geminated, i.e.ட்ட, some historic manuscripts used the letterdal with two dots underneath, the modified Arwi letterڍ. But most manuscripts simply used the letterdal with one dot underneath, and with agemination diacritic, the letterڊّ‎.
  4. The Arabic letterصٜ has not been used in a widespread manner for representing the Tamil letter (representing the sound[ɭ]). Most historic sources use the letterۻ for this Tamil letter as well as for the Tamil letter (representing the sound[ɻ]).
  5. For the Tamil letter, representing the sound [k~g], the Arabic letterك is used. Except if this letter is in between vowels, or following a nasal sound, where the letter is used.
  6. The Tamil letter representing the sound[ɲ] has usually been written with the Arabic letterن. In addition, in rare occasions, this sound has been represented by the Arabic letterݧ‎. This sound doesn't occur at beginning of words.

Sample Texts

[edit]

Below are several sample texts in Arwi orthography, in standard Tamil Script, and transliterated into Latin as perISO 15919.[4]

Arwi ScriptTamil ScriptISO 15919 LatinEnglish
شٗوْنَࢴَ اِسْلَامِيَ كَّلَاچَّاڔَ نِلَيَمْ (اَمَيْكَّڣَّڊَّثُ)
تَࢳْكَۻُكُّ اࣣمَثُ نَلْ وَاۻْتُّمْ سٗوْڣَنَمُمْ كُوْرُوَثٗوڊُ كٗۻُمْبُ كٗوْڊَّيْ بِرِسْڊَلْ وِيْثِ ۲۷ مْ نِمْبَرْ اِلَّمَاكِيَ شٗوْنَࢴَ اِسْلَامِيَ كَّلَاچَّاڔَ نِلَيْيَ ڣُّثُكَّڊِّ ڊَ تِّرَڣُّ وِۻَاوُكُّ ۱۹۶۵-مࣣيْ مَاثَمْ ۳۰ مْ تِࢴَثِ هِجْرَة ۱۳۸۵ مُحَرَّمْ ڣِرَيْ ۲۸ ݧ‎َايِرُ ‎ڣِڔْڣَࢴَلْ ۴:۱۵ مَنِكُّ شَمُࢴَمَۻِكُمَارُ تَࢳْكَۻَيْ اَنْ‎ڣُڊَنْ اَۻَيْكِّرٗوْمْ.
كَوْڔَوَ ڣ‎ِّڔَثَمَڔْ تِڔُ ڊَڊْلِيْ سࣣينَانَايَࢴَ اَوَڔْكَۻْ ݧَاڣَࢴَاڔْتَّ ڣَّلَكَيْيَيْ تِّڔَيْنِیْكَّمْ شࣣيوَاڔْكَۻْ نِلَيَتَّلَیْوَڔْ جَنَابْ سࣣيرْ رَازِقْ فَڔِيدْ اَوَڔْكَۻْ ڣُثُكَّڊِّڊَتَّيْ تِّرَنْتُ وَيْڣَّاڔْكَۻْ.

சோனக இஸ்லாமிய கலாச்சார நிலையம் (அமைக்கப்பட்டது)

தங்களுக்கு எமது நல்வாழ்தும் சோபனமும் கூறுவதோடு கொழும்பு கோட்டை பிரிஸ்டல் வீதி, 27 ஆம் நம்பர் இல்லமாகிய இஸ்லாமிய கலாச்சார நிலைய புதுக்கட்டிட திறப்பு விழாவிற்கு 1965, மே மாதம் 30 ஆம் தேதி, ஹிஜ்ரா 1385 முஹர்ரம் 28 பிறை ஞாயிறு பிற்பகல் 4:15 மணிக்கு சங்கமிக்குமாறு தங்களை அன்புடன் அழைக்கி றோம்.

கெளரவ பிரதமர் திரு டட்லி சோனானாயக அவர்கள் ஞாபகார்த்த பலதையை திரை நீக்கம் செய்வார்கள். தலைமை நிலையத் தலைவர் ஜனைப் கர் ராஜிக் ஃபரீத் அவர்கள் புதுச்சட்டிடத்தை திறந்து வைப்பார்கள்.

Cōṉaka islāmiya kalāccāra nilaiyam (amaikkappaṭṭatu)

Taṅkaḷukku ematu nalvāḻtum cōpaṉamum kūṟuvatōṭu koḻumpu kōṭṭai pirisṭal vīti, 27 ām nampar illamākiya islāmiya kalāccāra nilaiya putukkaṭṭiṭa tiṟappu viḻāviṟku 1965 iṟappu viḻāviṟku 1965, mē mātam 30 ām tēti, hijrā 1385 muharram 28 piṟai ñāyiṟu piṟpakal 4:15 Maṇikku caṅkamikkumāṟu taṅkaḷai aṉpuṭaṉ aḻaikki ṟōm.

Keḷarava piratamar tiru Ṭaṭli Cōṉāṉāyaka avarkaḷ ñāpakārtta palataiyai tirai nīkkam ceyvārkaḷ. Talaimai nilaiyat talaivar jaṉaip kar rāziq farīd avarkaḷ putuccaṭṭiṭattai tiṟantu vaippārkaḷ.

Sonaga Islamic Cultural Centre (Established)

We send you our felicitations, greetings and cordially invite you to attend the opening ceremony of our new building at No. 27 Bristol Street, Fort, Colombo, on the 30th May, 1965, the 28th Day of Muharram 1385, Sunday afternoon, 4:15 pm.

Honourable Prime Minister Mr. Dudley Senanayake will unveil the commemoration block. The President of the centre, Sir Razik Fareed will open the building.

يࣣنَّيَّاۻُمْ وَلّٗوْنࣣيْ يࣣيْࢴَآنْتَ نَاثَا
تَنَّيَّرِيُمْ تَوَتَّيْ تَّنْتَاۻْكُوَايْنِيْ

என்னை ஆளும் வல்லோனே ஏகாந்த நாதா

தன்னை அறியும் தவத்தை தந்தாள்குவாய் நீ

Eṉṉai āḷum vallōṉē ēkānta nātā

Taṉṉai aṟiyum tavattai tantāḷkuvāy nī

O Almighty Who rules over me! O my Master who is the only Lord!

Bless me with the boon of realizing the insignificance of myself

اُنَّيَّلَّاثُ وࣣيْرُيَارَيْ وِۻِڣّࣣيْنْ
يࣣنَّيْ وِڊُّمْ حَقَّاࢴَ اُنِّلْ اٗۻِڣّࣣيْنْ

உன்னை அல்லாது வேறு யாரை விளிப்பேன்

என்னை விட்டும் ஹக்காக உன்னில் ஒளிப்பேன்

Uṉṉai allātu vēṟu yārai viḷippēṉ

Eṉṉai viṭṭum hakkāka uṉṉil oḷippēṉ

Whom can I beseech except Thee!

I will [leave my wretched self and] annihilate in Thee!

مَنِتَڣْ ڣِرَوِيِنَڔْ شَࢴَلَڔُم شُتَنْتِڔَمَاكَوࣣيْ ڣِرَكِّنْرَنَڔْ؛ اَوَڔْكَۻْ مَثِڣِّلُک اُڔِمَيْࢴَۻِلُمْ شَمَمَانَوَڔْكَلْ. اَوَڔْكَۻْ نِيَايَتَّيْيُمْ مَنَشَاڊْچِيَيْيُمْ يِيَرْڣَڹ‎ْڣَاكَڣْ ڣࣣرَّوَڔْكَۻْ. اَوَڔْكَۻْ اٗڔُوَڔُڊَنٗڔُوَرْ شَࢴٗوْثَڔَ اُنَڔْوُڣْ ڣَاࢳْكِلْ نَڊَنْتُࢴٗۻَّلْ وࣣيْڹْڊُمْ.மனிதப் பிறவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர்; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும் உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள். அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனசாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும்.Maṉitap piṟaviyiṉar cakalarum cutantiramākavē piṟakkiṉṟaṉar; avarkaḷ matippilum urimaikaḷilum camamāṉavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ niyāyattaiyum maṉacāṭciyaiyum iyaṟpaṇpākap peṟṟavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ oruvaruṭaṉoruvar cakōtara uṇarvup pāṅkil naṭantukoḷḷal vēṇṭum.All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^216 th year commemoration today: Remembering His Holiness Bukhary Thangal Sunday Observer – January 5, 2003.Online version accessed on 2009-08-14
  2. ^Torsten Tschacher (2001).Islam in Tamilnadu: Varia. (Südasienwissenschaftliche Arbeitsblätter 2.) Halle: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg.ISBN 3-86010-627-9. (Online versions available on the websites of the university libraries at Heidelberg and Halle:http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/1087/pdf/Tschacher.pdf andhttp://www.suedasien.uni-halle.de/SAWA/Tschacher.pdf).
  3. ^abTschacher, T. (2001).Islam in Tamilnadu: Varia. Institut für Indologie und Südasienwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg.URL (Archive)
  4. ^Zubair, KMA. Ahamed. (2016).The Rise and Decline of Arabu-Tamil Language for Tamil Muslims. IIUC Studies, 10, 263–282.[1] (Link)
  • Shu’ayb, Tayka.Arabic, Arwi and Persian in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu. Madras: Imāmul 'Arūs Trust, 1993.
  • Yunush Ahamed Mohamed SherifArabu-Tamil/Arwi: the Identity of the Tamil Muslims TJPRC Publication.
  • Dr. K. M. A. Ahamed Zubair.The Rise and Decline of Arabu–Tamil Language for Tamil Muslims IIUC STUDIES, 2014
  • DR. S.M.M Mazahir.அறபுத் தமிழும் அறபுத்தமிழ் ஆக்கங்களும் 2018

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