Aru Islands Regency Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms | |
| Motto: Sita Kaka Walikewalike / Sita Eka Tu Jargaria | |
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| Coordinates:6°12′S134°30′E / 6.200°S 134.500°E /-6.200; 134.500 | |
| Country |  Indonesia |
| Province |  Maluku |
| Capital | Dobo |
| Government | |
| • Regent | Timotius Kaidel [id] |
| • Vice Regent | Mohamad Djumpa [id] |
| Area | |
• Total | 6,426.77 km2 (2,481.39 sq mi) |
| Population (mid 2024 estimate)[1] | |
• Total | 112,531 |
| • Density | 17.5097/km2 (45.3500/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+09:00 (IEST) |
| Area code | (+62) 917 |
| Website | keparukab |
TheAru Islands Regency (Indonesian:Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru) is a group of about 95 low-lyingislands in theMaluku Islands of easternIndonesia. It also forms aregency ofMaluku Province, with a land area of 6,426.77 km2 (2,481.39 sq mi). At the 2011 Census the Regency had a population of 84,138;[2] the 2020 Census produced a total of 102,237,[3] and the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 112,531 (comprising 57,767 males and 54,764 females).[1] Some sources regard the archipelago as part ofAsia, while others regard it as part ofMelanesia.
The Aru Islands are the easternmost archipelago in Maluku province, and are located in theArafura Sea south ofWest Papua (province),New Guinea and north ofAustralia. The total area of the islands is 6,426.77 km2 (2,481.39 sq mi). The largest island isTanahbesar (also calledWokam); Dobo, the chief port of the islands, is on Wamar, just off Tanahbesar. The other five main islands areKola,Kobroor,Maikoor,Koba, andTrangan.[4] Altogether there are some 676 islands, of which 28 are inhabited.[5] The main islands rise to low hills, and are separated by meandering channels. Geologically, unlike the rest of Maluku, the group is part of theAustralian continent, along withNew Guinea,Tasmania,Waigeo, andRaja Ampat on theAustralian Plate.[6]
The Aru Islands are covered by a mix oftropical moist broadleaf forests,savanna, andmangroves. The islands lie on theAustralia-New Guineacontinental shelf, and were connected to Australia and New Guinea by land when sea levels were lower during theice ages. The flora and fauna of Aru are part of theAustralasian realm, and closely related to that of New Guinea. Aru is part, together with much of western New Guinea, of theVogelkop-Aru lowland rain foreststerrestrial ecoregion.[citation needed]
As part of the political and administrative decentralization of Indonesia sinceSuharto stepped down in 1998, the Aru Islands were created as a separate regency (kabupaten) on 18 December 2003, headquartered at Dobo, and split off from theSoutheast Maluku Regency.
The Aru Islands have a long history as a part of extensive trading networks throughout what is now eastern Indonesia. Precolonial links were especially strong to theBanda Islands, andBugis andMakasarese traders also visited regularly. The traditional society was not pronounced hierarchical, being based on lineage-based clans where the members shared duties of hospitality and cooperation. These island communities were divided into two ritual bonds called Ursia and Urlima, a socio-political system found in many parts of Maluku. Such alliances were connected to pre-European trade networks.[7]
The islands were sighted and also possibly visited by some Portuguese navigators, such as Martim Afonso de Melo, in 1522–24, who sighted the islands and wintered on a nearby island or of the Aru archipelago itself, and possibly byGomes de Sequeira, in 1526, as is pointed out in the cartography of the time.[8] The Spanish navigatorÁlvaro de Saavedra sighted the islands on 12 June 1528, when trying to return fromTidore toNew Spain.[9]
The islands werecolonized by theDutch, beginning with a contract with the west coast villages in 1623, though initially theDutch East India Company (VOC) was one of several trading groups in the area, with limited influence over the islands' internal affairs.[10] Aru was monitored by theVOC establishment in theBanda Islands, and yielded a variety of products includingtrepang,birds-of-paradise,parrots, pearls,sago, turtle-shell, and slaves. A Dutch post was established onWokam Island in 1659, and a small fort was subsequently constructed there.Islam as well asReformed Protestantism began to make small numbers of converts in the 1650s. Discontent with the commercial monopolies imposed by the VOC came to a boiling point in the late 18th century. The anti-Dutch rebellion of theTidore princeNuku (d. 1805), which engulfed much of Maluku, also affected Aru. The Muslim population of Ujir Island accepted Nuku's brother Jou Mangofa as their king, exterminated the Dutch garrison in 1787, and were able to dominate large parts of the islands. After several failed attempts, the Dutch of Banda managed to suppress the rebels in 1791.[11] However, they soon ran into new trouble with the coastal populations in the east, and their control of Aru affairs was disrupted by British intervention in the East Indies after 1795.[12]
After being left to its own devices for many years, Aru was again visited in 1824 by the Dutch naval officer A.J. Bik, who concluded a number of agreements with local chiefs.[13] In 1857 the famous naturalistAlfred Russel Wallace visited the islands. His visit later made him realize that the Aru Islands must have been connected by a land bridge to mainland New Guinea during the ice age.[14]
In the nineteenth century, Dobo, Aru's largest town, temporarily became an important regional trading center, serving as a meeting point for Dutch, Makasarese, Chinese, and other traders. The period from the 1880s to 1917 saw a backlash against this outside influence by a spiritually-based movement among local residents to rid the islands of outsiders.[15]
Throughout its history, the Aru Islands exported luxury natural products like birds-of-paradise, turtle shells, and pearls to Asia and later Europe. While the islands were positioned within the global trade network, local Aru society was able to preserve its independence and egalitarianism.[16]
Pearl farming continues to provide a major source of income for the islands. The Aru pearl industry has been criticized in the national media for allegedly maintaining exploitativedebt structures that bind the local men who dive for pearls to outside boat owners and traders in an unequal relationship.[17]
Other export products includesago,coconuts,tobacco,mother of pearl,trepang (an ediblesea cucumber, which is dried and cured), tortoiseshell, andbird-of-paradise plumes.[citation needed]
In November 2011, the Government of Indonesia awarded two oil-and-gas production-sharing contracts (PSC) about two hundred km (124 mi) west of the Aru Islands toBP. The two adjacent offshore exploration PSCs, West Aru I and II, cover an area of about 16,400 km2 (6,300 sq mi) with water depths ranging from 200 to 2,500 m (660 to 8,200 ft). BP plans to acquireseismic data over the two blocks.[18][19]
The islands had a population of 84,138 at the 2010 Census;[2] the 2020 Census produced a total of 102,237,[3] and the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 112,531.[1] Most indigenous islanders are of mixed Austronesian andPapuan descent. Fourteen languages –Barakai,Batuley,Dobel,Karey,Koba,Kola,Kompane,Lola,Lorang,Manombai,Mariri,East Tarangan,West Tarangan, andUjir – are indigenous to Aru. They belong to theCentral Malayo-Polynesian languages, and are related to the other languages ofMaluku,Nusa Tenggara, andTimor.Ambonese Malay is also spoken on Wamar. All are members of theAustronesian language family.
The population is mostly Christian with a small Muslim minority. Figures cited by Glenn Dolcemascolo for 1993 were approximately 90% Protestant, 6% Catholic, and 4% Muslim.[20] A more recent report from 2007 suggested that the 4% Muslim figure may only relate to the indigenous population and that the actual percentage of Muslims may be significantly higher.[21]
At the 2010 census, the population consisted of Protestants (59.84%), Catholics (9.32%), Muslims (29.97%), Hindus (0.05%), Buddhists (0.03%), Confucians (0.02%), others (0.01%), and those not asked (0.75%).[citation needed]
Islam is thought to have been introduced to the islands in the late 15th century.[21] By the early 17th century, it was reported by the Dutch thatMakassarese seafarers had converted some locals and constructed mosques.[22] However, it only took root in the mid-17th century, primarily in theUjir-speaking territory on the western side.[23]
The Dutch brought Christianity in the 17th and 18th centuries but much of the conversion of the population to Christianity did not take place until the 20th century.[21]
At the time of the 2010 Census, the regency was divided into sevendistricts (kecamatan), but subsequently an additional three districts have been created by the splitting of existing districts. The districts are tabulated below with their areas (in km2) and their populations at the 2010 Census[2] and 2020 Census,[3] together with the official estimates as at mid 2024.[1] The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number ofadministrative villages in each district (totaling 80 ruraldesa and 2 urbankelurahan), and its postal code.
| Kode Wilayah | Name of District (kecamatan) | English name | Area in km2 | Pop'n Census 2010 | Pop'n Census 2020 | Pop'n Estimate mid 2024 | Admin centre | No. of villages | Post code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 81.07.01 | Pulau-Pulau Aru | (Northwest Aru) | 907.39 | 36,604 | 49,020 | 54,433 | Dobo | 15(a) | 97662 |
| 81.07.04 | Aru Utara | North Aru | 531.28 | 11,529 | 6,195 | 6,724 | Marlasi | 12 | 97660 |
| 81.07.05 | Aru Utara Timur Batuley | Northeast Aru | 304.78 | (b) | 4,365 | 5,209 | Kobamar | 9 | 97663 |
| 81.07.06 | Sir-Sir | 528.39 | (b) | 3,197 | 3,622 | Leiting | 9 | 97664 | |
| 81.07.03 | Aru Tengah | Central Aru | 1,372.06 | 13,824 | 13,345 | 13,971 | Benjina | 22 | 97661 |
| 81.07.07 | Aru Tengah Timur | East Central Aru | 659.75 | 4,315 | 4,914 | 5,185 | Koijabi | 13 | 97665 |
| 81.07.08 | Aru Tengah Selatan | South Central Aru | 295.113 | 5,086 | 5,994 | 6,426 | Longgar | 7 | 97669 |
| 81.07.02 | Aru Selatan | South Aru | 833.12 | 8,694 | 7,497 | 8,216 | Jerol | 15 | 97667 |
| 81.07.10 | Aru Selatan Utara | Northern South Aru | 478.31 | (c) | 3,668 | 3,901 | Tabarfane | 7 | 97668 |
| 81.07.09 | Aru Selatan Timur | Southeast Aru | 516.58 | 4,714 | 4,039 | 4,844 | Meror | 10 | 97666 |
| Totals | 6,426.77 | 84,138 | 102,237 | 112,531 | Dobo | 119 |
Notes: (a) including 2kelurahan – Siwalima (with an area of 3.36 km2, and with 32,213 inhabitants as at mid 2023) and Galay Dubu (with an area of 1.0 km2, and with 9,634 inhabitants), together forming Dobo town.[24]
(b) the 2010 population of Aru Utara Timur Batuley and Sir-Sir Districts are included in the figure for Aru Utara District, from which they were split.
(c) the 2010 population of Aru Selatan Utara District is included in the figures for the districts from which it was split.
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