In 2001, an estimated $110 million of art inManhattan andthe Pentagon was lost in theSeptember 11 attacks: $100 million in private art[1] and $10 million in public art.[2] Much of the art was not insured for its full value.[1] In October 2001, a spokesperson for insurance specialists AXA Art described the attacks as "the biggest single disaster ever to affect the [art] industry".[3]
ThePort Authority of New York and New Jersey held an estimated 100 pieces of art work at theWorld Trade Center complex, in addition to the seven public works of art that had been created for the World Trade Center, all of which were destroyed or severely damaged. The offices of brokerage houseCantor Fitzgerald reportedly contained 300Rodin sculptures.
An estimated $10 million worth of public art was lost due to thecollapse of the World Trade Center.[2]
There were eight one-of-a-kind public works of art in the World Trade Center Complex at the time of the attacks:
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In addition to the seven public art works, thePort Authority also had approximately 100 pieces of art in the complex, including:
The World Trade Center alone held more than 430 tenants at the time of the attacks.[7] In addition to the decorative art that each office contained, some firms held large corporate art collections.
Three companies held major corporate art collections in the World Trade Center: Fred Alger, Cantor Fitzgerald, and Bank of America. Aside from these three, all other companies in the World Trade Center kept their artwork in other locations.[1]
In addition to losing the most lives in the attack,Cantor Fitzgerald lost the most artwork. Their offices on the 105th floor of theNorth Tower housed a gallery which held an estimated 300 casts ofRodin sculptures.[1]
Some of the Rodin works were recovered a quarter mile away from Ground Zero, including a bust fromThe Burghers of Calais, two of the three figures fromThe Three Shades, and a cast ofThe Thinker. After being recovered,The Thinker cast went missing, possibly due to theft.[8]
The collection of Citigroup, whose office was in7 World Trade Center, contained 1,113 works of art which were all lost on September 11, 2001, according to Suzanne F. W. Lemakis, who was the Citigroup art curator at the time of the attacks.[9]
The Citigroup collection at the World Trade Center consisted of about 75% prints, many of which were mass-produced and were replaceable. Also lost were English and American antique furniture, and Asian porcelains.[10]
According to Lemakis, the most expensive painting in Citigroup's collection was a large mural depicting Wall Street, painted by an unknown designer.[10]
Also located in the North Tower, this firm lost a collection of photographs by photographers includingCindy Sherman andHiroshi Sugimoto.[1]
Bank of America's office in the World Trade Center lost over 100 works of art by contemporary artists.[1]
At the time of the attack, the firm had only five lithographs in its Trade Center office, keeping most of its corporate art collection of over 17,000 works of art at its offices two blocks from the World Trade Center.[1][8]
The Greatest Bar on Earth, located withinWindows on the World in One World Trade Center, contained four blown glass, nickel plated bronze, steel, and fiberoptic light sculptures collectively namedSkyscrapers byDan Dailey. These sculptures were destroyed in the attacks.[11][12]
The Lower Manhattan Cultural Council had its offices inBuilding 5 of the World Trade Center, and two studios on the 91st and 92nd floors of the North Tower. The Council hosted an artist-in-residency program, called World Views, which hosted 15 artists from around the globe and was supposed to run from May–November 2001. The 15 artists worked in the studios in the North Tower. Nearly all of their artwork was lost in the attack on and subsequent collapse of the towers. At least one of the artists, Jamaican-born sculptorMichael Richards, also died in the attacks. Richards had worked through the night in the towers on an unfinished sculpture, a memorial piece dedicated to theTuskegee Airmen, which portrayed a pilot riding a burning meteor.[2][13][3]
The council also lost all of its archives that had been in their offices in Building 5.[13]
Atthe Pentagon, a total of 24 artworks were destroyed, with an additional 40 pieces receiving substantial damage. None of the works were insured, so there is no monetary estimate to what was lost, but Army art curator Renee Klish has noted that "the importance of the military collections is historic, not monetary."[14] Marine art curator Jack Dyer described the art pieces lost at the Pentagon and in New York as "cultural casualties."[14]
TheArmy lost eight paintings at the Pentagon in theArmy Center of Military History including:
Out of approximately 200 works theNavy held at the Pentagon, two are unaccounted for after the attack; one sustained extensive smoke damage; and roughly 40 more had minor smoke damage. TheAir Force lost ten paintings, all of various aircraft. Seven artworks owned by theMarine Corps were also destroyed. They lost six lithographs, paintings, and one print. An additional seven other works were damaged.[14]
On September 11,American Airlines Flight 77 came to a stop with itsnose cone resting on the back wall of the Pentagon library which held over 500,000 books and documents dating back to the early 1800s. All library staff escaped, but the Chief Army Librarian Ann Parham suffered facial burns. The collection was not fully catalogued, due to the rapid addition of new documents and regulations, and it was also not insured. The books and documents were damaged by mold, soot containinghydrochloric acid,asbestos debris, water damage, and smoke damage. The library's restoration cost $500,000 and saved approximately 99% of the book collection and all of its historic materials.[14][16]
