Arturo Alfonso Schomburg | |
|---|---|
 Arturo Alfonso Schomburg | |
| Born | January 24, 1875 |
| Died | June 10, 1938(1938-06-10) (aged 64) |
| Nationality | Puerto Rican |
| Movement | Harlem Renaissance |
| Spouse(s) | Elizabeth Hatcher, m. 1895–1900 (until her death) Elizabeth Morrow Taylor, m. 1902–before 1914 (until herdeath) Elizabeth Green, m. 1914–1938 |
| Notes | |
Schomburg, also known asArthur Schomburg, took an active role advocating Puerto Rico's independence. | |
Arturo Alfonso Schomburg (January 24, 1874 – June 19, 1938), was a historian,[1] writer, curator,[2] and activist, who wrote numerous books.[3] Schomburg was aPuerto Rican of African and German descent. He moved to the United States in 1891, settling inNew York City (at the age of 17) where he researched and raised awareness of the contributions thatAfro-Latin Americans andAfrican Americans have made to society.[4] He was an important intellectual figure in theHarlem Renaissance. Over the years, he collected literature, art,slave narratives, and other materials ofAfrican history, which were purchased to become the basis of theSchomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, named in his honor, at theNew York Public Library (NYPL) branch inHarlem.[5]
Schomburg was born and spent the majority of his childhood in the town ofSanturce in theCaptaincy General of Puerto Rico, to Mary Joseph, a freeborn Blackmidwife fromSt. Croix in theDanish West Indies, and Carlos Federico Schomburg, a merchant and son of aGerman immigrant to Puerto Rico. He was baptized as aCatholic, with the nameArturo Alfonso, at the Church of San Francisco de Asis inSanturce,San Juan.[6]
While Schomburg was in grade school, one of his teachers claimed that Black people had no history, heroes or accomplishments. Inspired to prove the teacher wrong, Schomburg determined that he would find and document the accomplishments of Africans on their own continent and in the diaspora.[5]
Schomburg was educated at San Juan'sInstituto Popular, where he learned commercial printing. At St. Thomas College on the island ofSt. Thomas in the Danish West Indies, he studied Negro literature.[7]
He became a member of the "Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico" and became an active advocate of Puerto Rico's andCuba'sindependence from Spain.[7][8] In 1892, Schomburg co-founded Las Dos Antillas (The Two Islands), a political club that advocated for the independence of Cuba and Puerto Rico.[2][9] The club existed from 1892 to 1898, and members discussed issues such as providing weapons, medical supplies, and financial aid to independence movements.[9][10]
On June 30, 1895, Schomburg married Elizabeth Hatcher ofStaunton, Virginia. She had come to New York as part of a wave of migration from the South that would increase in the 20th century and be known as theGreat Migration. They had three sons: Máximo Gómez (named after theDominican military leader of the Cuban struggle for independence); Arthur Alfonso, Jr. and Kingsley Guarionex Schomburg (named afterGuarionex, a renownedcacique of theTaíno).[8]
After Elizabeth died in 1900, Schomburg married Elizabeth Morrow Taylor of Williamsburg, a village inRockingham County, North Carolina. They were married on March 17, 1902, and had two sons: Reginald Stanton and Nathaniel José Schomburg.[8] After Elizabeth Morrow Taylor's death, Schomburg married Elizabeth Green, with whom he had three more children.[11]
In 1896, Schomburg began teaching Spanish in New York. From 1901 to 1906 Schomburg was employed as messenger and clerk in the law firm of Pryor, Mellis and Harris, New York City. In 1906, he began working for theBankers Trust Company. Later, he became a supervisor of the Caribbean and Latin American Mail Section, and held that until he left in 1929.
While supporting himself and his family, Schomburg began his intellectual work of writing about Caribbean and African-American history. His first known article, "IsHayti Decadent?", was published in 1904 inThe Unique Advertiser. In 1909 he wrotePlacido, a Cuban Martyr, a short pamphlet about the poet and independence fighterGabriel de la Concepción Valdés.[8] In the 1910 US Census, he is recorded as a printer working in a shop and living at 205 West 115th Street inHarlem, New York City.[12]
In 1911, Schomburg co-founded withJohn Edward Bruce theNegro Society for Historical Research, to create an institute to support scholarly efforts. For the first time, it brought together African, West Indian, and Afro-American scholars. In 1914, Schomburg joined the exclusiveAmerican Negro Academy, becoming, from 1920 to 1928, the fifth and last President of the organization. Founded in Washington, D.C., in 1897, this first major African American learned society brought together scholars, editors, and activists to refute racist scholarship, promote Black claims to individual, social, and political equality, and publish the history and sociology of African American life.[13]
This was a period of the founding of societies to encourage scholarship in African-American history. In 1915, Dr.Carter G. Woodson co-founded theAssociation for the Study of Negro Life and History (now called theAssociation for the Study of African American Life and History) and began publishing theJournal of Negro History.
Schomburg became involved in theHarlem Renaissance movement, which spread to other African-American communities in the U.S. The concentration of Black people in Harlem from across the US and Caribbean led to a flowering of arts, as well as intellectual and political movements. Schomburg co-edited the 1912 edition ofDaniel Alexander Payne Murray'sEncyclopedia of the Colored Race. He later became disillusioned with the Harlem Renaissance, because he felt that there were no more revolutionaries within it. He told anthologist Nancy Cunard that she should "not expect to find anything revolutionary or critical in these subjected fellows' writings.... [T]hey have been bought and paid for by white people".[14]
In 1916 Schomburg published the first notable bibliography of African-American poetry,A Bibliographical Checklist of American Negro Poetry.[15]
In March 1925 Schomburg published his essay "The Negro Digs Up His Past" in an issue ofSurvey Graphic devoted to the intellectual life of Harlem. It had widespread distribution and influence. In "The Negro Digs Up His Past," Schomburg was trying to lay the groundwork for an intellectual refutation of racism.[16] The autodidact historianJohn Henrik Clarke told of being so inspired by the essay that at the age of 17 he left home inColumbus, Georgia, to seek out Mr. Schomburg to further his studies in African history.Alain Locke included the essay in his edited collectionThe New Negro.[17]
In March 1926, Schomburg visited Spain. "His mission was to research and explore centuries of Black life in Europe, including that of the painterJuan de Pareja. A notable artist in his own right, Pareja was an enslaved studio assistant to famed Spanish painterDiego Velázquez".[18] TheMetropolitan Museum of Art stated, "Schomburg was vital to the recovery of Pareja’s work".[19]
The New York Public Library and the librarian of the 135th Street Branch,Ernestine Rose, purchased Schomburg's private collection of more than 4,000 books[20] for $10,000, funded by the Carnegie Corporation in 1926.[10] This purchase would signal the beginning of the transformation of the 135th street's branch into the Schomburg Center. His collection included a variety of items, including the acquisition of three missing chapters from “The Autobiography of Malcolm X,” that were cut from his manuscript after his death in 1965.[21] They appointed Schomburg curator of the Schomburg Collection of Negro Literature and Art, named in his honor, at the 135th Street Branch (Harlem) of the Library. It was later renamed the Arthur Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.[22]
In 1929 Fisk University PresidentCharles S. Johnson invited Schomburg to curate the Negro Collection at the library of Fisk inNashville, Tennessee. He assisted in thearchitectural design contributing to the construction of a reading room and browsing space. By the end of Schomburg's tenure at Fisk he had expanded the library's collection from 106 items to 4,600.[23] During 1932 he traveled to Cuba. While there he met variousCuban artists and writers, and acquired more material for his studies.
He was granted an honorary membership of the Men's Business Club inYonkers,New York. He also held the position of treasurer for the Loyal Sons of Africa in New York and was elevated being the past master ofPrince Hall Lodge Number 38, Free and Accepted Masons (F.A.M.) and Rising Sun Chapter Number 4, R.A.M.
Following dental surgery, Schomburg became ill and died in Madison Park Hospital inBrooklyn on June 10, 1938.[8][24] He received a private funeral on June 12 at Siloam Presbyterian Church.[24] He is buried in the Locust Grove section[25] ofCypress Hills Cemetery.
By the 1920s Schomburg had amassed a collection which consisted of artworks, manuscripts, rare books,slave narratives and other artifacts ofBlack history.[26] The collection formed the cornerstone of the Library's Division of Negro History at its 135th Street Branch inHarlem. The library appointed Schomburg curator of the collection, which was named in his honor: theSchomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Schomburg used his proceeds from the sale to fund travel to Spain, France, Germany and England, to seek out more pieces of black history to add to the collection.[27]
Arturo Alfonso Schomburg's work served as an inspiration toPuerto Ricans,Latinos andAfro-Americans alike. During theHarlem Renaissance,Zora Neale Hurston and others used Schomburg's materials.[28] The power of knowing about the great contributions thatAfro-Latin Americans and Afro-Americans have made to society helped advance thecivil rights movement.[26]
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