| Arta | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Philippines |
| Region | northernLuzon |
| Ethnicity | 150 (no date)[1] |
Native speakers | 11 (2013)[2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | atz |
| Glottolog | arta1239 |
| ELP | Arta |
Arta is a highly endangeredNegrito language of the northernPhilippines.[3]
Lawrence Reid's 1990 fieldwork revealed only 12 speakers in Villa Santiago,Aglipay,Quirino Province,[4] and in 1992 it was spoken by only three families. It is not closely related to other languages. There are still small groups of Arta speakers inMaddela andNagtipunan towns ofQuirino Province.[5] Kimoto (2017) reports that Arta has 10 native speakers and 35–45 second-language speakers living primarily in Pulang Lupa, Kalbo, and in Disimungal, Nagtipunan.[6]
The Arta are found in the following places withinNagtipunan Municipality.[7]
Arta is in contact withCasiguran Agta,Nagtipunan Agta,Yogad, Ilokano, and Tagalog.[6]
Arta is notable for havingvowel length distinction, an unusual typological feature in the Philippines.[6]
Kimoto (2017) lists the followingsound changes fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) to Arta. Long vowels in Arta are derived from PMP diphthongs.[8]
| PMP | Arta |
|---|---|
| *p | p |
| *t | t |
| *k | Ø ~ k |
| *q | Ø |
| *b | b |
| *d/*j/*z | d |
| *g | g |
| *s | s |
| *h | Ø |
| *R | r |
| *l | l |
| *m | m |
| *n | n |
| *ŋ | ŋ |
| *w | w |
| *y | y |
| *a | a |
| *i | i |
| *u | u |
| *ə | ə |
| *ai | eː |
| *au | oː |
Kimoto (2017)[9] lists the following Artalexical innovations (highlighted inbold). Lexical innovations inCasiguran Agta are also highlighted in bold.
| Gloss | Arta | Casiguran Agta | Ilokano | Tagalog |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| excrement | sirit | attay | takki | taʔi |
| laugh | əla | ŋihit | katawa | tawa |
| banana | bagat | biget | saba | sagiŋ |
| back (body) | sapaŋ | adəg, səpaŋ | likod | likod |
| hair | pulug | buk | buok | buhok |
| body | abiː | bəgi | bagi | katawan |
| water | wagət | dinom | danum | tubig |
| house | bunbun | bilɛ | balay | bahay |
| male | giləŋan | ləlake | lalaki | lalaki |
| female | bukagan | bəbe | babae | babae |
Reid (1994)[10] lists the following reconstructed forms as possible non-Austronesian lexical elements found exclusively in Arta. Forms from Kimoto (2018)[11] have also been included. Note the use of orthographic è [ə] and ng [ŋ].
| Gloss | Pre-Arta (Reid 1994) | Arta (Reid 1994) | Arta (Kimoto 2018) |
|---|---|---|---|
| afternoon | (ma-)*lutəp | malutəp | malu:tèp |
| arrive | *digdig | dumigdig | digdig |
| bone | *sagnit | sagnit | sikrit 'small thin bones' |
| butterfly | *pippun | peppun | - |
| drink | *tim | mattim | ti:m |
| ear | *ibəŋ | ibəŋ | ibeng |
| lime | *ŋusu | ŋusú | nusu |
| man, male | *gilaŋ(-an) | gilaŋán | gilèngan |
| mosquito | *buŋur | buŋúr | bungor |
| old (man) | *dupu | dupú | dupu: |
| one | *sipaŋ | sípaŋ | si:pang |
| rain | *punəd | púnəd | pu:nèd |
| run | *gurugud | maggurugúd | gurugud |
| say, tell | *bud | ibud | bud |
| sleep | *idəm | médəm | idèm |
| two | *təlip | tallip | tallip |
Reid (1994)[10] lists the following reconstructed forms as possible non-Austronesian lexical elements found in both Arta and "North Agta" (i.e., variousNortheastern Luzon languages spoken mostly inCagayan Province). Forms from Kimoto (2018)[11] have also been included.
| Gloss | Reconstructed form (Reid 1994) | Arta (Reid 1994) | Arta (Kimoto 2018) |
|---|---|---|---|
| pity, kindness | *Rəbi | pagarbián | arbi |
| thirst | *pələk | meɁipla | iplèk |
| hunt | *purab | mamurab ‘hunt with bow and arrow’ | purab |
| deer, buck | *b[ia]dut | bidut | bidut |
| fingernail | *[l]usip | lusip | lusip |
| penis | *g[ia]ləŋ | giləŋ | gilèng |
| wall | *gəsəd | gisə́d | gisèd |
| dog, puppy | *lapul | lappul | lappul |
| fire | *dukut | dut | dut |
| hair, feather | *pulug | pológ | pulug |
The forms *səlub 'fragrant' and *Rəbi 'pity, kindness' are found in both Arta and Alta.[10]
