The oldest undisputed examples offigurative art are known fromEurope and fromSulawesi, Indonesia, and are dated as far back as around 50,000 years ago (Art of the Upper Paleolithic).^[1]Together withreligion and othercultural universals of contemporary human societies, the emergence offigurative art is a necessary attribute of fullbehavioral modernity.

There are, however, some examples of non-figurative designs which somewhat predate the Upper Paleolithic, beginning about 70,000 years ago (MIS 4).These include the earliest of theIberian cave paintings, including ahand stencil at theCave of Maltravieso, a simple linear design, and red paint applied tospeleothems, dated to at least 64,000 years ago and as such attributable toNeanderthals.^[2] The markings on the walls of a cave in La Roche-Cotard in the Loire valley have been identified as the oldest known Neanderthal engravings and have been dated to more than 57,000 years ago.^[3][4] Similarly, theBlombos Cave ofSouth Africa yielded some stones with engraved grid or cross-hatch patterns, dated to some 73,000 years ago, but they are attributed toHomo sapiens.^[5]

Proposed Neanderthal art

ProposedNeanderthal jewelry: white-tailed eagle claw with striations at the Neanderthal site ofKrapina,Croatia, circa 130,000 BP.^[6]

Proposed Neanderthal work of art with symbolism: incision-decorated raven bone from the Zaskalnaya VI (Kolosovskaya) Neanderthal site,Crimea,Micoquian industry dated to between cal. 43,000 and 38,000 BP.^[7]

The 130,000-year-old eagle claws found inKrapina,Croatia, have been viewed by some anthropologists as an example of Neanderthal art. Some have suggested that Neanderthals may have copied this behavior from Homo sapiens. ButDavid W. Frayer has disputed this view, saying that Homo sapiens were not in the region where claws were discovered even after 100,000 years.^[8]

In Spain,Uranium-thorium dating of painted designs in the caves ofLa Pasiega (Cantabria), a hand stencil inMaltravieso (Extremadura), and red-paintedspeleothems inArdales (Andalusia) yielded an age of more than 64,800 years, predating the previously oldest known art by at least 20,000 years.^[2] In July 2021, scientists reported the discovery of abone carving, one of the world'soldest works of art, made by Neanderthals about 51,000 years ago.^[9][10]

TheMask of La Roche-Cotard has also been argued as being evidence of Neanderthal figurative art, although in a period post-dating theircontact withHomo sapiens. The "Divje Babe flute" had controversially been claimed as a Neanderthal musical instrument, though many researchers believe that its holes are most likely the bite marks of carnivores.^[11][12]

In 2002 inBlombos cave, situated inSouth Africa,ochre stones were discovered engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns, dated to some 70,000 years ago.This suggested to some researchers thatearlyHomo sapiens were capable of abstraction and production of abstract art or symbolic art. Also discovered at the Blombos cave were shell beads, also dating to c. 70,000 years ago.^[13]Engraved ochre has also been reported from other Middle Stone Age sites, such as Klein Kliphuis,^[14]Wonderwerk Cave^[15] andKlasies River Cave 1.^[16] Arguably, these engraved pieces of ochre represent – together with the engraved ostrich egg shells fromDiepkloof^[17][18] – the earliest forms of abstract representation and conventional design tradition hitherto recorded.The interpretation of the hatching patterns as "symbolic" has been challenged, and several purely functional explanations of the objects have been proposed, e.g. as an ingredient in mastic, skin protection against sun or insects, as soft-hammers for delicate knapping, as a hide preservative or as medicine.^{[19][20][21][22]}The Blombos Cave cross-hatches, dated to as early as 73,000 years old, have been described as "abstract drawings" in a 2018 publication.^[5]

A 500,000-year-oldPseudodon shell DUB1006-fL found inJava in the 1890s, associated withHomo erectus, contains the earliest known geometric engravings.^[23] Although some commentators express an opinion that this could be the earliest evidence of artistic expression ofhominids, the actual meaning and intent behind these engravings are not known.^[23]

Homo erectus had long before produced seemingly aimless patterns on artifacts such as is those found atBilzingsleben inThuringia. Some have attempted to interpret these as a precursor to art, allegedly revealing the intent of the maker to decorate and fashion. The symmetry and attention given to the shape of a tool has led authors to controversially argueAcheuleanhand axes as artistic expressions.

There are several other claims ofLower Paleolithic art, namely the "Venus of Tan-Tan" (before 300 kya)^[24] and the "Venus of Berekhat Ram" (250 kya). Both of these may be natural rock formations with an incidental likeness to the human form, but some scholars have suggested that they exhibit traces of pigments or carving intended to further accentuate the human-like form.^{[citation needed]}

• Middle Stone Age
• Prehistoric art

• Articles with short description
• Short description with empty Wikidata description
• Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
• All articles with unsourced statements
• Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017