 The North Bank stand of the stadium in 2005, a year prior to demolition | |
 Interactive map of Arsenal Stadium | |
| Full name | Arsenal Stadium, Highbury Stadium |
|---|---|
| Location | Highbury, London, England |
| Coordinates | 51°33′28″N0°6′10″W / 51.55778°N 0.10278°W /51.55778; -0.10278 |
| Owner | Arsenal Holdings plc |
| Operator | Arsenal |
| Capacity | 38,419 (at closure), 73,000 (peak) |
| Field size | 109×73 yds / 100×67 m[3] |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 6 September 1913 (1913-09-06) |
| Renovated | 1932–1936, 1992–1993 |
| Closed | 7 May 2006 |
| Demolished | 2006; redeveloped as housing |
| Construction cost | £125,000 (1913 original) adjusted for inflation: £15.5m £175,000 (1930s redevelopment) adjusted for inflation: £14m £22.5m (1990s redevelopment) adjusted for inflation: £58.8m |
| Architect | Archibald Leitch (1913 original) C. W. Ferrier andW. Binnie (1930s redevelopment) LOBB partnership (North Bank) |
| Tenants | |
| Arsenal F.C. (1913–2006) | |
Arsenal Stadium was afootball stadium inHighbury, London, which was the home ofArsenal Football Club between 6 September 1913 and 7 May 2006. It was popularly known as "Highbury" from the name of the district in which it was located, and was given the affectionate nickname of "The Home of Football".[1]
It was originally built in 1913 on the site of a local college's recreation ground, and was significantly redeveloped twice. The first reconstruction came in the 1930s, from which theArt Deco East and West Stands date. There was a second development; the first phase, which added executive boxes to the Clock End, was completed in 1989, and afterward in 1993 a new North Bank Stand was constructed. These latter developments both followed the recommendations of theTaylor Report by replacing theterraces to make the stadium an all-seater with four stands. However, further attempts to expand the stadium were blocked by the community, resulting in a reduction in capacity and matchday revenue. This led to Arsenal opting to build a new stadium, theEmirates Stadium. After the club moved to its new stadium upon the conclusion of the2005–06 season, Highbury was redeveloped as aresidential development known asHighbury Square, with the Clock End and North Bank stands being demolished; parts of the East and West Stands remained and were incorporated into the new development due to theirlisted status.
The stadium also hosted international matches – both forEngland and in the1948 Summer Olympics – andFA Cupsemi-finals, as well asboxing,baseball andcricket matches.[4] Its presence also led to the localLondon Underground station being renamed asArsenal in 1932, making it the only station on the Underground network to be named after a football club.
In addition to its architecture, the stadium was known for its small but immaculate pitch[5] and for the clock that had been positioned in the southern side of the ground since its introduction in 1930.[6]
The original stadium was built in 1913 afterWoolwich Arsenal chairmanHenry Norris moved the club from theManor Ground inPlumstead,South East London to Highbury, leasing the recreation fields ofSt John's College of Divinity for 21 years for £20,000.[7] The move was initially opposed byIslington Borough Council, residents and nearby clubs,Tottenham Hotspur andClapton Orient.[8][9] The lease agreement, signed by theArchbishop of CanterburyRandall Davidson, allowed no matches to be played on "holy days" and that no "intoxicating liquor" would be sold at the stadium; however, these stipulations were later dropped.[10][9] One advantage of the site was its close proximity toGillespie Road tube station.[9]
The stadium, designed byArchibald Leitch, architect of many other football grounds of that era, was hurriedly built over the summer of 1913. It featured a single stand on the eastern side and the other three sides had banked terracing and cost £125,000.[7] It opened on 6 September 1913 whilst not fully complete, for Arsenal's first match of the1913–14 season, a 2–1Second Division win againstLeicester Fosse. Leicester'sTommy Benfield scored the first goal at the new ground whileGeorge Jobey was the first Arsenal player to do so.[11]
Highbury hosted its firstEngland match in 1920. TheAustralian rugby league team suffered the first loss of their1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain at Highbury to anEnglish side 4 points to 5 before approximately 12,000 spectators.[12]
In 1925, Arsenal purchased the stadium site outright for the sum of £64,000.[7]
No significant portion of Leitch's original stadium remains today following a series of bold redevelopments during the 1930s. The idea was to create a ground for London that could capture the grandeur ofVilla Park, home ofBirmingham clubAston Villa. The Highbury project was ambitious in its scale and reach, the first stand completed being the West Stand, designed byClaude Waterlow Ferrier andWilliam Binnie in the Art Deco style which opened in 1932.[7] On 5 November the same year, the localTube station was renamed from Gillespie Road toArsenal following successful persuasion by managerHerbert Chapman. The stadium's name was also changed from Highbury to Arsenal Stadium.[8][9] Chapman next decided to install a 45-minute clock on the North Bank despite theFootball Association's concern that it would undermine the referee's authority.[9] The North Bank terrace was given a roof in 1935 and the clock was moved to the front of the southern terrace, giving it the name the Clock End.[9] Leitch's main stand was demolished to make way for a new East Stand, matching the West, in 1936. The West Stand cost £45,000, while the East Stand went far over budget and the final cost was £130,000, this was mainly due to the expense of the facade.[13]
During the1948 Summer Olympics, the stadium hosted thefootball preliminaries. For the next 50 years, the stadium changed little, although during theSecond World War the North Bank terrace was bombed and had to be rebuilt; the roof was not restored until 1956.[14]
Chapman had demonstrated floodlit football at Highbury in November 1932, however, the Football Association had banned its members from taking part in a floodlit match.[8][9] Following the lifting of the ban in December 1950, in 1951 Arsenal became the first team in Division One to fitfloodlights, with the first floodlit match being a friendly againstHapoel Tel Aviv on 19 September of that year.[15][8][9] The floodlights that adornDalymount Park, once stood at the Arsenal stadium. They were shipped to Dublin in 1962. The inaugural floodlit match sawArsenal beatBohemians 3–8.[16]Undersoil heating was added in 1964. Unlike at many other grounds, Arsenal refused to installperimeter fencing, even at the height ofhooliganism in the 1980s, which made it ineligible for use as an FA Cup semi-final venue.[17]
Before theTaylor report in January 1990 on theHillsborough disaster was published, which recommended that football stadia become all-seater, both the North Bank and Clock End consisted ofterracing, and the stadium often saw crowds of up to 60,000 or more; its largest attendance was 73,295 on 9 March 1935 when Arsenal playedSunderland in the First Division; the game finished 0–0.[18] When the ground was initially constructed, it was to "accommodate 90,000 spectators".[19]
The Clock End was redeveloped in 1988–89 with the addition of a roof and 48 executive boxes,[20] while seating was fitted into the remaining standing area in 1993.[21]
The North Bank, which had become home of Arsenal's most passionate supporters, was demolished at the end of the1991–92 season. During redevelopment, a giant mural of fans was placed behind the goal at that end, to give the illusion that the players were kicking towards a crowd rather than a construction site. The mural initially attracted criticism for its absence of black fans, which was quickly rectified. The lengthy process of rebuilding the North Bank meant that Highbury was three-sided for the entire1992–93 season, which was also the first season of the newFA Premier League. Although a lack of goals meant that Arsenal only finished 10th in the new league, they won both of the domestic cup competitions that season.[22]Populous (then LOBB Partnership) designed all-seater two-tier North Bank Stand, the last area of Highbury to be refurbished, which was opened in August 1993 at a cost of £20 million amid strong opposition from local residents. The new North Bank Stand contained a museum and a concourse with video arcades, bars, confectionery counters, souvenir shops and fast-food stands.[23][24] While the all-seater North Bank was "never the same as the old-fashioned Archibald Leitch stand" that it replaced, it was "much more like the future of Arsenal than the past" with its added amenities and "Gone were the days of pushing a petrified child through a packed crowd and placing them on a barrier from which they could only see a small section of the pitch".[25] The old stand had received a fitting send off with a 5–1 defeat ofSouthampton, though the new stand had a less auspicious start, the first game being a surprise 0–3 defeat toCoventry City with all three goals coming from strikerMicky Quinn. The first victory came 10 days later againstLeeds United.[26]
Arsenal did not always play their home matches at Highbury in the 93 years they were based there. During theSecond World War the stadium was used as anARP station and wasbombed; Arsenal played their matches atWhite Hart Lane, home ofNorth London rivalsTottenham Hotspur, until Highbury re-opened in 1946. More recently, Arsenal's homeUEFA Champions League matches in the1998–99 and1999–00 seasons were played atWembley Stadium, as Highbury's already limited capacity had to be reduced to accommodateadvertising hoardings.[27] Arsenal's record at Wembley (P6 W2 D1 L3) was relatively poor, and after two seasons the club switched back to playing at Highbury, not least because since Wembley closed for rebuilding in October 2000, it would not have been able to host their2000–01 campaign. The club set a record attendance at Wembley, with 73,707 againstRC Lens on 25 November 1998.[28]
At the time of its closure, the stadium consisted of four separate all-seater stands; the pitch was aligned north–south, with the North Bank Stand (formerly the Laundry End) and South Stand (popularly known as the Clock End) at the ends of the field. The East and West Stands ran alongside the pitch and are two of the few examples of British football stands designed in the Art Deco style. The East Stand incorporated the club's offices and was well known for itsmarble halls (though the floors were actuallyterrazzo) which are often cited in media depictions of the stadium,[29] and the facade that faces onto Avenell Road. The East Stand is considered architecturally significant enough to have been designated aGrade II listed building.[7]
The stadium's main entrances were onGillespie Road, Avenell Road and Highbury Hill. When it closed, Highbury had a capacity of 38,419[30] (approximately 12,500 in the North Bank, 11,000 in the West Stand, 9,000 in the East Stand and 6,000 in the Clock End), all seated, and hadJumbotron screens in the south-east and north-west corners.
Arsenal Stadium was well known for its very small immaculately-keptpitch, which measured only 109×73 yards (100×67 metres).[3] Arsenal's groundsmen, Steve Braddock and his successor Paul Burgess, won theFA Premier League's Groundsman of the Year award several times for their work on the stadium.[31]
The post-Taylor capacity of Highbury was limited to 38,419, while Arsenal's success during the 1990s and 2000s meant that virtually every home match was filled to near capacity.[32] Restrictions, such as the East Stand's status as alisted building and the fact the stadium was surrounded on all sides by a residential area, made any future expansion of Highbury difficult and expensive, although the club's directors would have liked to have kept Arsenal at a modernised and expanded Highbury.[33] In October 1998, just after Arsenal started playing Champions League games at Wembley, the club made an unsuccessful bid to buy the stadium and make it their permanent home to share with theEngland national football team.[34]
In November 1999, Arsenal decided to leave Highbury and construct a new 60,000-seat stadium in nearby Ashburton Grove.[35] It was confirmed in October 2004 that the new stadium would be called theEmirates Stadium as part of a sponsorship deal withEmirates Airlines.[36] The stadium opened in July 2006; Arsenal's offices were moved to a new building, Highbury House, which was named in commemoration of the former stadium.[37]
For their final season at Highbury (2005–06) Arsenal ran a series of promotions honouring the stadium's legacy. A commemorative logo was designed featuring the club's traditional Art Deco crest from the 1930s,[38] and the club's history at Highbury was celebrated through a series of themed matchdays. On the field, Arsenal temporarily set aside their traditional red shirts with white sleeves for the season and adopted a solid redcurrant shirt, the colour they wore during their first season at Highbury in 1913–14.
Arsenal's final game at the stadium was their FA Premier League match on 7 May 2006 againstWigan Athletic, the last game of the season. The team needed to better the result of neighboursTottenham Hotspur to again secure qualification for theChampions League. Having been 2–1 behind, a hat trick by captain and all-time leading goal scorerThierry Henry secured qualification, with Henry kneeling down to kiss the turf on scoring what proved to be the final goal seen at the stadium.[39] The last goal scored in a regulation game at the stadium came in a Football Aid charity match when lifelong fan Alan Alger scored a penalty in the final minute of a fixture played on Thursday 8 June 2006 (exactly one month and one day after Henry's goal).[40] After the stadium's closure, Arsenal held anauction to sell off many of the stadium's parts, including pieces of the pitch, thegoalposts and former managerGeorge Graham's desk.[41] Sale of the stadium'sseats had to be cancelled after it was found they contained trace amounts of the toxic metalcadmium.[42]
As of 2010[update], The former Arsenal Stadium was redeveloped and converted intoflats in a project known as "Highbury Square", a scheme that had 711 properties built on the site.[43] The North Bank and Clock End stands were demolished.[44] The exteriors of the listed Art Deco East Stand and the matching West Stand were preserved and incorporated into the new developments, while the rest of the stands' structures were removed, and the pitch became a communal garden. In October 2005 the proposed flats went on sale; as of May 2006 all properties in the North, East and West Stands had been taken.[45]
Arsenal's clock was moved from Highbury to the outer side of the new stadium, with a new larger version of the feature added inside the ground in August 2010. At the same time as the unveiling of the new clock, the south stands at the venue were also renamedClock End in line with the same name previously used at Highbury.[46][47]
Arsenal's complete competitive record at Highbury is as follows:[48]
| Competition | P | W | D | L | F | A | Win % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| League[a] | 1689 | 981 | 412 | 296 | 3372 | 1692 | 58% |
| FA Cup[b] | 142 | 92 | 32 | 18 | 305 | 123 | 64.5% |
| League Cup | 98 | 69 | 14 | 15 | 195 | 74 | 70% |
| Europe[c] | 76 | 50 | 17 | 9 | 153 | 60 | 66% |
| Charity Shield | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 6 | 80% |
| Total | 2010 | 1196 | 475 | 339 | 4038 | 1955 | 60% |
Arsenal's biggest win at Highbury came on 9 January 1932, with an 11–1 victory overDarwen in theFA Cup. Their biggest defeats were 0–5 losses toHuddersfield Town in theFirst Division on 14 February 1925 and againstChelsea in theLeague Cup on 11 November 1998.[49]
As well as being home to Arsenal, the stadium also hosted games for England matches; 12 internationals were played at Highbury from 1920 to 1961, most of them being friendlies. These included both England's first full home international against opposition outside of Great Britain and Ireland (Belgium in 1923), and the "Battle of Highbury", England's 3–2 win overWorld ChampionsItaly in 1934, where a record seven Arsenal players started the match, the most players from a single club to play in an England fixture.[50][51]
England's record at Highbury is as follows:[52]
| Competition | P | W | D | L | F | A | Win % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| World Cup Qualifiers | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 100% |
| British Home Championship | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0% |
| Friendly matches[d] | 10 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 42 | 12 | 80% |
| Total | 12 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 47 | 15 | 75% |
In May 1963, England playedThe Football League XI at the stadium to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Football Association and the 75th anniversary of the Football League.[8][54]
The stadium was also used as a football venue for two matches in the1948 London Olympics – a first-round match and a quarter-final.[55] It was also provisionally named as one of London's two host stadiums for the1966 FIFA World Cup (along withWembley), but was eventually dropped withWhite City Stadium taking the role instead.[56] By the time ofEuro 96, the pitch had been ruled too small for international football and the stadium would have been ineligible.
Highbury was the venue for twelveFA Cup semi-finals as aneutral ground; the first in 1929 and the last in 1997. Between 1984 and 1992 the stadium was not included in the FA's list of approved venues after Arsenal refused to install perimeter fencing following apitch invasion byEverton fans during their semi-final againstSouthampton.[17] FA Cup semi-finals held at Highbury are listed below. Teams in bold went on to win the competition that year
| # | Date | Winner | Score | Loser |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1929 | Portsmouth | 1–0 | Aston Villa |
| 2 | 1937 | Preston North End | 4–1 | West Bromwich Albion |
| 3 | 1939 | Portsmouth | 2–1 | Huddersfield Town |
| 4 | 1949 | Leicester City | 3–1 | Portsmouth |
| 5 | 1958 | Manchester United | 5–3 | Fulham |
| 6 | 1978 | Ipswich Town | 3–1 | West Bromwich Albion |
| 7 | 1981 | Tottenham Hotspur | 3–0 | Wolverhampton Wanderers |
| 8 | 1982 | Queens Park Rangers | 1–0 | West Bromwich Albion |
| 9 | 1983 | Brighton & Hove Albion | 2–1 | Sheffield Wednesday |
| 10 | 1984 | Everton | 1–0aet | Southampton |
| 11 | 1992 | Liverpool | 1–1 | Portsmouth |
| 12 | 1997 | Chelsea | 3–0 | Wimbledon |
Arsenal Stadium was the venue for threeFA Amateur Cup finals until it moved permanently to Wembley Stadium in 1949.
| # | Date | Winner | Score | Runner-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1929 | Ilford | 3–1 | Leyton |
| 2 | 1931 | Wycombe Wanderers | 1–0 | Hayes |
| 3 | 1947 | Leytonstone | 2–1 | Wimbledon |
The stadium also hosted theLondon XI's home leg againstLausanne Sports in the1955–58Inter-Cities Fairs Cup semi-finals; London won 2–0 on the night and 3–2 on aggregate.[57]
The stadium also hosted several cricket games and also baseball matches involving American servicemen between 1916 and 1919.[58] It was the venue for the 1966 World Heavyweight boxing title bout betweenHenry Cooper andMuhammad Ali, which Ali won.[59]
Highbury also played host to an internationalrugby league match on 10 October 1921 as part of theAustralian rugby league team's1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain. The match sawEngland defeat Australia 5–4 in front of 12,000 fans.[60]
On 22 January 1927, Arsenal's game againstSheffield United was the firstradio broadcast of a football match. On 16 September 1937, a practice match between Arsenal and their reserves was the first trialtelevised game.[8][9][61]
The stadium has been the backdrop for at least three films:The Arsenal Stadium Mystery (1939), andFever Pitch (1997).[62][63]
A floodlight match in the stadium, against unknown opposition, is the setting for the climax of the 1960 filmJackpot.
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