TheArrol Gantry was a large steel structure built bySir William Arrol & Co. at theHarland and Wolff shipyard inBelfast, Ireland. It was built to act as overhead cranes for the building of the threeOlympic-class liners.

From 1900 to 1906, Arrol had constructed a shipyard forWilliam Beardmore and Company atDalmuir on the Clyde. This included a large gantry structure over the building berth. In 1906 it was used for the construction of thepre-dreadnought battleshipHMS Agamemnon, then the largest battleship launched on the Clyde.^[1]

The Beardmore gantry was 750 ft (230 m) long, 135 ft (41 m) wide and 150 ft (46 m) high, spanning a single building berth. The structure was of two long steeltruss girders, supported on eleven pairs of steel truss towers, braced by cross trusses above. Nine electric cranes were provided, with four jib cranes along each side girder, each having a 5-ton capacity and 30 foot jib. These were travelling cranes and could be moved along the girder, or grouped together to share a heavier lift. They were intended to place the main hull plates into position, with a dedicated gang for each crane, forming the plates and riveting them into place. A central 15 ton travelling gantry crane was also provided, for lifting machinery along the centreline of the hull.^[1]

The Belfast gantry would be very similar to this first gantry, although larger at 840 ft (260 m) long and spanning two building berths. The central girder between the berths allowed the addition of a larger cantilever crane.^[2]

The Beardmore gantry had used tapered towers, with size and strength proportional to the load upon them. The base of each was spread into a triangular arch, giving a more stable base and also allowing a railway line to be laid through the towers, bringing construction materials. For the Belfast gantry, the towers were more parallel, with straight inner faces. This allowed temporary working platforms to be attached and relocated upwards as a hull was constructed, giving an additional working space and easy access to the outside of the hull, even with heavy equipment. The access within the gantry was also improved, with long sloping walkways and electric lifts, rather than the previous slow and hazardous use of ladders.^[1][2]

The Belfast gantry was commissioned by theWhite Star Line^[3] andHarland and Wolff and built bySir William Arrol & Co. in 1908.^[4] It was 840 feet (260 m) feet long, 270 feet (82 m) feet wide and 228 feet (69 m) feet high.^[4][5] It was an essential part of the infrastructure needed for the construction of theRMS Olympic andRMS Titanic and remained in use until it was demolished in the 1960s to create space for storage and car parking.^[6]

Before the Gantry, the northern end of theQueen's Island shipyard had four building slips, each with gantry cranes above them. The cranes formed three crosswise gantries over each slip, with jib cranes working from each upright. To make space for the two new slips, three of the old slips were given up. No 1 slip remained and continued in use, with its original gantries, and was used for building liners such as theSS Belgenland. The two new slips were numbered 2 & 3. There were nine slips at Queen's Island before this, eight afterwards but the other remained numbered as 5...9 and there was no longer a No 4 slip.^[7]

Lengthwise elevation of the Gantry

Crosswise section of the Gantry

The Gantry was built on three rows, 120 feet (37 m) apart, of eleven steel truss towers with three largetruss girders between them, and lighter crosswiseWarren trusses above this. The large girders provided runways for a pair of 10-tonoverhead cranes above each way and lighter 5-ton jib cranes from the sides. Along the centre line ran a lightTitan crane, with a reach of 135 feet and able to carry a 3-ton load at full radius, and 5 tons closer in. The cranes were electrically-powered and built byStothert & Pitt ofBath.^[5] Access to the high girders was provided by three long ramps and also electric lifts for the shipyard workers.^[8] As Harland and Wolff were primarily a commercial yard,^[9][ii] there was no need for the huge Titan cranes being built at this time for the naval shipyards of theClyde, where heavy lifts of armour plate, or even entire turrets, were needed.^[iii]

Olympic andTitanic were built together, withOlympic in the No 2 slipway.^[11][iv][v]Olympic was launched first, in October 1910, withTitanic seven months later. To provide better photographs against the steelwork of the gantry,Olympic's hull was painted white during building, then repainted after launch.Titanic was painted in White Star's black hull livery from the outset.Britannic was then constructed on theOlympic's slipway.^[12]

At the outbreak ofWorld War I, Harland and Wolff were still engaged in building passenger liners and the BelgianRed Star Line's^[vi] 27,000 tonSS Belgenland was almost completed on the adjacent No 1 way.SS Statendam had been launched from the No 2 way in July, a fortnight before the outbreak of war. A further liner, yard number 470, had been laid down there, but work had hardly started.^[13][vii]

When theRoyal Navy wished to build the14 inch monitors as coastal bombardment ships, these building ways were the most immediately available. The monitors were fairly small, of around 6,000 tons and quite short, but they also had protectiveanti-torpedo bulges which gave them an extremely broad beam of 90 feet (27 m). This would require equally wide building slips, which the Olympic slips could provide. The monitors were so short that the first two of them,Admiral Farragut andGeneral Grant, could be built simultaneously on the same slipway.^[viii]Farragut was launched on 15 April 1915, withGrant following on 29 April. The limited lifting capacity of the gantry's cranes required the 4-inch armour plate to be installed in particularly small pieces, compared to in a warship building yard. To install their US-suppliedturrets, the hulls were taken to theCOW yard on the Clyde.^[13]

A second group of monitors was also built. These were the12 inch monitors and used guns taken fromMajestic-classpre-dreadnought battleships.^[15] Although their12-inch guns were now quite old, they had been sufficiently advanced over other guns at the time that they were still worth re-using. They had been the first British battleship main guns to usewire-wound construction and also the first to firecordite propelling charges. As originally mounted, their elevation of 13½° only permitted a range of 13,700 yd (12,500 m), which would leave the monitors within range of German coastal defences; with this increased to 30°, a range of 21,000 yd (19,000 m) was expected.^[16] Eight of these monitors were built, five by Harland and Wolff and four of them on slips 1 and 3 of the Queen's Island yard.^[17] Like the 14 inch monitors, these monitors had prominent anti-torpedo bulges to their hulls and required a wide building slip, but were short enough that two could be built simultaneously on the large liner slips.

Glorious was laid down as a 'large, light cruiser' on 1 May 1915 and launched almost a year later on 20 April 1916.^[18]

A class of small6 inch gun-armed monitors was also designed, to use the secondary armament removed from theQueen Elizabeth battleships.^[ix] As the 14-inch monitors were now almost complete, it was hoped to build this whole class of five on a single large slipway. However the number 2 slipway was needed immediately forGlorious. Slipway 5, at the southern end of Queen's Island, was used instead to build three of them, working around the keel of the postponedSS Narkunda, and the other two at theWorkman, Clark yard across the water.^[19]

A second batch of 15 inch-armed monitors were built, with a more developed design than the earlierMarshals. Both were built by Harland and Wolff,Erebus at the Govan yard andTerror on the third slip at Queen's Island.^[20] TheMarshal monitors had been so unsuccessful, largely owing to their slow speed and their unreliable diesel engines, particularly forMarshal Ney, that it was decided to remove their turrets for re-use on the new high-speed monitors.Ney's turret was removed at Elswick and the mount converted for greater elevation, then shipped to Belfast for installation by Harland and Wolff's floating crane.

Both of these monitors had a successful WWI career and served into WWII.

^[10][21]

The Gantry was in use into the 1960s, but the shipyard was then reorganised to provide a larger building space. Work on large ships then took place in a largedry dock at the end of the Musgrave channel on the south-eastern side of Queen's Island, served by a pair ofGoliath cranes,Samson andGoliath.^[22]

A gallery atTitanic Belfast is dominated by a steel scaffold which stands 20 metres (66 ft) high and alludes to the Arrol Gantry: however, the original gantry was nearly four times the height of the gallery's representation.^[23]

The Gantry dominated the skyline of Belfast and became an important local landmark, asSamson andGoliath would do again fifty years later. The poetLouis MacNeice's autobiographical poemCarrickfergus describes his birthplace:

This is somewhat anachronistic, as MacNeice was born just before the construction of the Gantry and his family had moved to nearbyCarrickfergus beforeOlympic's launch.^[24]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toArrol Gantry.

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