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Aro Confederacy Omu Aro | |||||||||
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| 1640–1902 | |||||||||
 Flag | |||||||||
| Capital | Arochukwu | ||||||||
| Common languages | |||||||||
| Government | Confederalism | ||||||||
| Historical era | Early modern | ||||||||
• Established | 1640 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1902 | ||||||||
| Currency | |||||||||
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| Today part of | Nigeria Cameroon Equatorial guinea | ||||||||
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TheAro Confederacy (1640–1902) was a political union orchestrated by theAro people, anIgbo subgroup, centered inArochukwu in present-day southeasternNigeria. The Aro Confederacy was founded after the end of theAro-Ibibio Wars. Their influence and presence was all overEastern Nigeria, lowerMiddle Belt, parts of present-day ofCameroon andEquatorial guinea[1] during the 18th and 19th centuries. TheArochukwu communities were an economic, political, and an oracular center as they were home to theIbini Ukpabi oracle, High Priests, the Aro KingEze Aro, and central council (Okpankpo). The Aro Confederacy was a powerful and influential political and economic alliance of various Igbo-speaking communities in southeastern Nigeria.[2] It emerged during the 17th century and played a significant role in the region until the late 19th century.[3]
The exact origins of the Aro Confederacy are not precisely documented, but it is believed to have been established around the mid-17th century. TheAro people, who were part of the Igbo ethnic group, inhabited the region around present-day Arochukwu in Abia State, Nigeria. They were skilled traders and missionaries who played a pivotal role in connecting various Igbo communities. This migration and their military power, and wars with neighboring kingdoms, supported by their alliances with several related neighboring Igbo and eastern Cross River militarized states and mercenaries (particularlyOhafia,Edda,Abam,Abiriba,Afikpo,Ekoi,Bahumono,Amasiri, Uzuakoli and Ezza as mercenary etc.), quickly established the Aro Confederacy as a regional economic power.[4][5]
The Aro Confederacy's strength came from its well-organized network of Aro agents who were dispersed across different communities in the region. These agents acted as intermediaries in trade, diplomacy, and religious matters. They facilitated commerce, resolved disputes, and spread the worship of the Aro deity known as the "Long Juju" oracle.[6]
The "Long Juju" oracle was the spiritual centerpiece of the Aro Confederacy.[7] It was housed inArochukwu and considered a potent source of political authority and religious guidance. TheAro people used the oracle to enforce their influence and control over surrounding communities. It also served as a means to administer justice and settle disputes, often attracting pilgrims seeking solutions to their problems.
Many peoples including Ijaw, Ibibio, Efik made pilgrimages to Arochukwu to inquire with the oracle, which had become more appealed to than the once paramountKingdom of Benin.[8]
In visiting Arochukwu, British explorer Baikie notes of the city:
Not far from this stands the noted city of A'ro or A'no, where is the celebrated shrine of Chukwu, or the deity to which pilgrimages are made, not only from all parts of I'gbo proper, but from Old Kalabar, from the tribes along the coast, and from Orii, and Nimbe or Brass. The city is described as being nearly three times the size ofAboh, and as extremely populous. The inhabitants are skilful artisans, and manufacture swords, spears, and metallic ornaments, specimens of all of which I have seen, and can therefore testify to their being very neatly finished. The town is always mentioned with great respect, almost, at times, with a degree of veneration, and the people say " Chukwu ab yama “ or God lives there.[9]
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The Aro Confederacy gained significant economic power through trade relations with the Oguta-Ameshi, Onitsha, and Kalabari monarchies. Their economy was primarily based on sale of slaves and agriculture with crops likepalm oil, yams, and cassava.[10] During theTrans-Atlantic slave trade, the Aro were the primary provider of slaves to the wealthy riverine Igbo merchants of Oguta-Ameshi, Onitsha, and Kalabari. The prominent international slave markets in Igboland were the Oguta Lake Slave Market, Onitsha, Abonnema, and Bonny. These markets were centres of international trade, diplomacy, and major gateways through which Western civilization entered Igboland.
Aro confederacy was an alliance with several related neighboring Igbo and eastern Cross River militarized states particularlyOhafia,Edda,Abam,Abiriba,Afikpo,Ekoi,Bahumono,Amasiri, Uzuakoli, etc. The confederacy's activities on the coast helped the growth of city-states in theNiger Delta, and these city states became important centres for the export of palm oil and slaves. Suchcity-states includedOpobo,Bonny,Nembe,Calabar, as well as other slave trading city-states controlled by theIjaw,Efik, andIgbo. The Aros formed a strong trading network, colonies, and incorporated hundreds of communities that formed into powerful kingdoms. TheAjalli,Arondizuogu,Ndikelionwu, and Kingdoms were some of the most powerful Aro states in the Confederacy after Arochukwu. Some were founded and named after commanders and chiefs likeIzuogu Mgbokpo andIheme who led Aro/Abam forces to conquerIkpa Ora and founded Arondizuogu. Later Aro commanders such asOkoro Idozuka (also of Arondizuogu) expanded the state's borders through warfare at the start of the 19th century. Aro migrations also played a large role in the expansion of Ozizza, Afikpo, Amasiri, Izombe, and many other city-states. For example, Aro soldiers founded at least three villages in Ozizza. The Aro Confederacy's power, however, derived mostly from its economic and religious position. With European colonists on their way at the end of the 19th century, things changed.
During the 1890s, theRoyal Niger Company ofBritain bore friction with the Aros because of their economic dominance. The Aro resisted British penetration in the hinterland because their economic and religious influence was being threatened. The Aro and their allies launched offensives against British allies inIgboland andIbibioland. After failed negotiations, the British attempted to conquer the Aro Confederacy in 1899. By 1901, the tensions were especially intensified when British prepared for the Aro Expedition. The invasion ofObegu (in Igboland) was the last major Aro offensive before the start of theAnglo-Aro War. In November 1901, the British launched the Aro Expedition and after strong Aro resistance, Arochukwu was captured on December 28, 1901. By early 1902, the war was over and the Aro Confederacy collapsed. Contrary to the belief that theIbini Ukpabi was destroyed, theshrine still exists, and is intact in Arochukwu and serves mainly as a tourist site.[11]
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