 Hemsheni women in Rize, Turkey | |
| Total population | |
| 150,000[1][2]–200,000[3] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Turkey:Rize (majority:Hemşin,Çamlıhemşin; minority:Çayeli,İkizdere)Artvin (almost half:Kemalpaşa; minority:Hopa) Trabzon (minority:Araklı) Erzurum (minority:Tortum,İspir) Diaspora communities inSakarya andDüzce  Russia:Sochi (more than half:Adlersky City District) | |
| Turkey | 150,000[4] |
| Russia | 2,082[5] |
| Languages | |
| Armenian (Homshetsi dialect) Turkish | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam in Turkey Armenian Apostolic in Georgia and Russia | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Armenians,Pontic Greeks,Laz people,Turks | |
TheHemshin people (Armenian:Համշենցիներ,Hamshentsiner;Turkish:Hemşinliler), also known asHemshinli orHamshenis orHomshetsi,[6][7][8] are a bilingual[9]ethnographic group ofArmenians who mostly practiceSunni Islam after their conversion from Christianity in the beginning of the 18th century[10] and are affiliated with theHemşin andÇamlıhemşin districts in the province ofRize,Turkey.[11][12][13][14]
They are Armenian in origin, and were originally Christians and members of theArmenian Apostolic Church, but evolved into a distinct community over the centuries and converted to Sunni Islam after theconquest of the region by the Ottomans during the second half of the 15th century.[1] In Turkey, Hemshin people do not speak the Homshetsi dialect apart from the "Eastern Hamsheni" group living in provinces ofArtvin andSakarya and their mother tongue is nowTurkish.[15]
For centuries, the ongoing migration from the geographically isolated highlands to lowlands made the Hemshin people settle in the areas nearTrabzon,Artvin and in the Western part of the Black Sea coast.[16] Thus, a significant Hamsheni population formed in those areas.
The origins of the Hemshin people has remained a subject of debate among scholars. The main two purported homelands of the Hemshin have beenEastern Armenia andWestern Armenia. A 2011 genetic survey based on the Y-chromosomal markers of the Hemshin indicated the central part of the historicalArmenian highlands as a plausible place of origin for the Hamsheni population.[17]
The region of Hemshin is located on the coast of the Black sea, in the highlands ofRize Province. According to historical accounts,Armenians first settled in that region in the end of 8th century. While escaping Arab persecutions, about 12,000 Armenians led by Prince Shapuh Amatuni and his son Hamam moved toPontos, ruled byByzantine Empire.[18]Robert H. Hewsen shows the region where today'sHemşin is located to be populated by a people with different designations throughout the ancient and early medieval history. He indicates thereby that some designations may have alternative forms and partially presents the names used with question marks. In summary from 13th century to 6th century BCColchians,[19] 550 to 330 BC Colchians andMacrones,[20] 180 BC to 14 ADLazoi (Chani/Tzan tribes),[21] in the Arsacid Period (63–298 AD)Heniochi,Machelones, Heptakometians,Mossynoeci[22] as well asSanni,Drilae and Macrones[23] are mentioned.
The Hemşin region is shown as part ofColchis (299–387),[24]Tzanica (387–591)[25] andChaldia (654–750).[26] The specific location of Hemşin is indicated as Tambur/Hamamašen as a fort and town for the first time in the map covering the period 654–750.
Those two names (Tambur and Hamamašen) are included in theHistory of Taron byJohn Mamikonean in a short passage about a war between the ruler of Tambur, Hamam, and his maternal uncle the Georgian Prince, which resulted in the destruction of the town to be rebuilt by Hamam and be named after him, namely Hamamshen.
As soon as [Tiran] read the letter, another letter arrived the same day from Vashdean's sister's son, Hamam, acquainting [Tiran] with the treachery before him from the troops who had come from Iran. He immediately wrote a letter to Vashdean reprimanding him for his plot. Vashdean grew angry and had Hamam's feet and hands lopped off. Then, taking the Iranians, [Vashdean] crossed the Chorox river and went to Hamam's city, named Tambur, which he attacked with fire and sword and enslaved. Now the blessed bishop of the city, Manknos, severely cursed the prince. [Vashdean] ordered the Iranians to kill the priests in the church named Holy Zion. The bishop had silently prayed to God to ask only that the city be turned into a desert and a ruin and that for all eternity no one reside there. He threw himself on the altar and [the Iranians] sacrificed him on Pentecost before mass was offered to Christ. On the next day there was a cloudburst and [Vashdean] was consumed by fire as he sat by the city gates of Tambur. Hamam subsequently [re]built this [city] calling it after himself, Hamamashen. And Mangnos' prayer was realized. In one night 3,000 men died, others fled, and the city remained a ruin.[27]
This event is declared byMamikonian to have taken place in early seventh century. Hamamashen became Hamshen over time.Simonian who conveys this story reports also that the date given by the author may be wrong.[28]
Two other Armenian chronicles Ghewond andStepanos Asoghik of Taron, report in short passages in their histories about a migration from Armenia/Oshakan led by prince ShapuhAmatuni and his son Hamam. Ghewond conveys this immigration to be to avoid heavy taxes imposed on Armenians by the Arab rulers. TheAmatuni lords are offered fertile land to settle down by the Byzantine Emperor, after they crossed theÇoruh. This migration is dated to be after 789 by Ghewond and as 750 by Stephen Asoghik of Taron.[28]
Benninghaus specifies "Tambur" as the destination of the migration led by Hamam and his father Shapuh Amaduni and says that they have seemingly met people there who were already Christians, possibly Greeks.[29] Redgate informs about possible symbolism used in the Ghewond's history and possible garbling in Mamikonian's history, and cautions not to take everything at face value.[30] Hachikian states "There is no clue as to where Tambur, the legendary capital of Hamshen, was located. The only certain thing about it is that it clearly belonged to a much earlier time - if it existed at all".[31] He also mentions in the footnote the name similarity between Tambur and a yayla known as Tahpur or Tagpur, in the heights of Kaptanpasa. Simonian states that Tambur is probably in the vicinity of Varoşkale (altitude 1800 m).[32]
A description of "Haynsen" in theKingdom of Georgia, its inhabitants and history is contained inLa Fleur des histoires de la terre d'Orient byHayton of Corycus, written around 1307, translated into English in 1520, and later reproduced in the travellers' tales of Samuel Purchas published in 1614. Purchas uses the term "Hamsem" to designate the region and concludes that this is the place of the original Cimmerian gloom ofHomer'sOdyssey.[33][34] The translation of He'tum's related passage to modern English uses the term Hamshen.[35] Hayton describes the region to be "miraculous and strange place" unbelievable unless seen by one's own eyes, dark and without roads. Signs of human settlement are that "People in those parts say that one frequently hears the sounds of men bellowing, of cocks crowing, of horses neighing in the forest," Those people are described by Hayton, leaning upon Georgian and Armenian Histories, to be the descendants of the men of the "wicked" Iranian Emperor Shaworeos who had chased and harassed Christian people. The referenced translation suggests this Emperor could beShapur II (309–379 AD).
Simonian considers the so described difficulty in access not to imply total isolation. On the contrary, he reports, Hamshen served sometimes as a transit route between the coastal regions and the Armenian Highlands.[36]
In his analysis of the literary and non-literary sources from the 8th through the 19th centuries, combined with excursions into Hamšēn during the 1980s to identify the surviving Armenian architecture, Dr. Robert W. Edwards has defined the geographical perimeters of that region and assessed the historical impact of its extreme isolation.[37]
Sources of the ruling powers in the region, (Byzantine, Trapezuntine, Georgian, Armenian and Turkish) are silent about Hemshin; until the conquest by the Ottomans.[38] It is deduced that Hemşin has been governed by local lords under the umbrella of the greater regional powers changing by the time namely theBagratid Armenian kingdom, theByzantine Empire, its successor theEmpire of Trebizond, theKingdom of Georgia, theKara Koyunlu andAk KoyunluTurkmen Confederations[39] until it was annexed by theOttoman Empire which collapsed as a result of the World War I and gave birth to the Republic of Turkey.
The Ottoman conquest of Hemshin occurred sometime in the 1480s: an Ottoman register dated around 1486 calls itHemshin and mentions it as being an Ottoman possession.[40]
Turkish influence was firmly established in the region after theBattle of Manzikert in 1071, after which theSeljuk Turks and otherTurkish tribes gained a strong foothold inCentral Anatolia and WesternArmenian Highlands, often referred to asEastern Anatolia, bringing the local population in contact with the religion ofIslam. In the 15th century, the region of Hamshen was incorporated into theOttoman Empire. During the Turkish rule, two most important developments arehuman migrations andconversions.[41][42] Most sources agree that prior to Ottoman era majority of the residents of Hemshin wereChristian and members of the Armenian Apostolic Church. The details and the accompanying circumstances for the migrations and theconversions during the Ottoman era are not clearly known or documented.[43][44]
As a result of those developments, distinctive communities with the same generic name have also appeared in the vicinity ofHopa,Turkey as well as in theCaucasus. Those three communities are almost oblivious to one another's existence.[45]
Two major developments in theHemshin region during theOttoman era:Islamization and population movements.[11][12][50] Islam may have begun to spread prior to the Ottoman rule, but it did not become the general religion before the end of the 16th century. A number of population movements (both into and out of the region) also happened during the Ottoman era. Even though detailed information regarding the nature of these movements is missing, in summary:
The present community of Hemshinli is exclusively Muslim and Turkish speaking. This goes for the people living in Hemshin or people maintaining links to the area and living elsewhere in Turkey.[6][51][52]
A distinct community settled about 50 km east of Hemşin in villages around Hopa and Borçka also call themselves "Hemşinli". They are often referred to as the "Hopa Hemşinli". Professor of Linguistics Bert Vaux at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee refers to this group as the "Eastern Hamshenis". Hemşinli and Hopa Hemşinli are separated not only by geography but also by language and some features of culture. The two groups are almost oblivious to one another's existence. Simonian reports various theories regarding the appearance of the Hopa Hemshinli group. Those theories relate to whether the groups migrated from Hemshin or they were settled by the Ottoman authorities, whether the migration/settlement was in the early 16th or late 17th centuries, and whether the migration took place in one step or two waves. The Hopa Hemşinli are exclusively Muslim as well.Simonian reports that there is a controversy regarding whether they arrived in the Hopa region as Muslims or converted to Islam after arrival.[13]
The Hopa Hemşinli speak a language called "Hemşince" or ("Homşetsi" and/or Homshetsma in some sources) as well as Turkish. Recent studies by Hovann Simonian (Author: The Hemshin: A Handbook (Caucasus World)) suggest that this language is an archaic dialect of Armenian subject to influence from Turkish andLaz.[53] Vaux also reports that "Hemşince" has been subject to influence from Turkish to a much greater extent than other Armenian dialects.[54] Hemşince and Armenian are largely mutually unintelligible.[55]
In addition to these two groups there are people speaking Hemşince / Homshetsma in the countries of the former USSR whose ancestors probably originated from Hemşin and/or Hopa Hemşin in course of the various population movements to the Caucasus. Many of the Muslim Hemşince speakers in the former USSR weredeported from theAdjara area ofGeorgia during theStalin era toKazakhstan andKyrgyzstan. Since 1989, a considerable number of these deportees have moved toKrasnodar Krai since 1989, along with theMeskhetian Turks.
Hemshin peoples are well known for their baking, tea growing, and the clever jokes, riddles, and stories that they tell. Some of the anecdotes that the Muslim Hemshinli tell are actually based on older Armenian ones.[citation needed] They accompany dances with their own brand of music using thetulum (thePonticbagpipe) (for the Western group), theşimşir kaval (flute made ofbuxus) (for the Eastern group) or theHamshna-Zurna (Hamshenizurna) (for the Northern group). The traditional occupations of the Turkish Hemshinli are cultivatingtea andmaize, breedinglivestock, andbeekeeping. The Northern Hamshenis of Russia and Georgia, meanwhile, are primarily known as citrus, corn, tobacco and tea growers as well asfishermen.[citation needed]
The people of Hemshin are known for their traditional dress. Women often choose to wrap their head with a "pushi" or long piece of cloth donned with beads, while men often choose to wear hats and vests made of wool or cotton.
The Hemshin people and their mansions were featured in issue 12 ofCornucopia magazine.[56]
The "Turkey for the Turks" ideology, writesNeal Ascherson, "offered no security for minorities" with "the tiny Hemşinli group having especially compelling reasons to keep its head down" because "its members are the descendants of Armenians."[57] Beginning in the 1930s, a number of Turkish historians attempted to ascribe an entirely Turkish origin to the Hemshinli, the most prominent of them being M. Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu, whose theories have since gained wide currency among the community.[58] His theories on the Hemshinli, however, have come under close scrutiny and have been roundly criticized.[59] The German scholars Wolfgang Feurstein and Tucha Berdsena describe Kırzıoğlu's methodology as so:
At first Kırzıoğlu assaults the reader with a flow of historical peoples; he then searches for some kind of phonetic correspondence or similarity with an old Turkish tribe, flavors this alleged historical outpouring with a pinch of "Islam," and presents himself as a competent researcher of Turkishness. Probably never before has a single person in Turkey falsified history so massively![60]
The filmmakerÖzcan Alper, an eastern Hemshinli, made the first motion picture in Homshetsi,Momi ("Grandma"), released in 2000. As a result, Alper was accused in the Court for State Security of producing material intended to destroy the unity of the state, under article 8 of Turkey's anti-terror law. This law was repealed in 2003 after EU pressure, and Alper's trial did not go ahead.[61] Hamsheni singerGökhan Birben (from the Western group) andLaz singerKâzım Koyuncu had also sung in Homshetsi. In 2005, the first music album exclusively of anonymous Hamshen folk songs and sung mostly in Homshetsi,Vova - Hamşetsu Ğhağ was released.
Older generations of Turkish Hemshinli see the reference "Ermeni" (often used by theirLaz neighbours) as an insult.
Mesut Yılmaz, a former Prime Minister of Turkey, was born inIstanbul to a family with partial Hamsheni (Western group) origins.[62]Ahmet Tevfik İleri (who was born in Yaltkaya (Gomno) village of Hemşin), a DeputyPrime Minister and before that, aMinister of Education in Turkey within successiveAdnan Menderes governments between 1950 and 1960, as well asDamat Mehmet Ali Pasha, theOttomanGrand Vizier on the eve of theCrimean War in 1853 were also of Hamsheni descent.[63] The community issued other important names in Turkish history and society such asMurat Karayalçın, a former Deputy Prime Minister and mayor ofAnkara who is from Şenyuva (Çinçiva) village ofÇamlıhemşin.[62][64][65]
There are two ongoing projects involving TurkishNGOs andEuropeAid,European Commission's external aid instrument, that touch their issues. The more recently (2007) launched "Ecodialogue Project" has set itself as goal raising environment consciousness of the region's enterprises and improving the poor levels and quality of the information relayed by local guides,[66] many of whom are self-styled and unlicensed.[67] The other project, started 2004 and involving also theWorld Conservation Union, aims to raise the profile and awareness of thegrouse, particularlyblack grouse, who visit the region, also with focus on enterprises and guides.[68]
Interest in Hamshen heritage is rising among Christian Hamshenis in the former Soviet Union. In 2006, the first music album in Homshetsma by the Ensemble Caravan was released in Krasnodar. Hamshen Scientific, Information and Cultural Centre began to work on exclusive projects in order to recover the cultural heritage of the Hamshenis living in the region. The Armenian newspaper published inSukhumi carries the nameHamshen.
During theMikhail Gorbachev period of theSoviet Union in the late 1980s, the Hamshenis of Kazakhstan began petitioning for the government to move them to theArmenian SSR. However, this move was denied by Moscow because of fears that the Muslim Hamshenis might spark ethnic conflicts with their Christian Armenian brothers.[69]
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, most Hamshenis lived relatively undisturbed. However, those in the Abkhazia region of Georgia had trouble coping with day-to-day life during theGeorgian Civil War.
Since 2000, several hundred of the Muslim Hamshenis in Russia who have resettled from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan toKrasnodar Krai (about 1000 total) have repeatedly attempted to formally receive registration from the local authorities. This is similar and related to the problem of theMeskhetians. These actions have been made difficult by the attitude of the Krasnodar officials. In defiance of the authorities an organisation of their co-ethnics in Armenia have appealed to the Russian ambassador inYerevan to getMoscow to intervene in this case and overrule the regional officials who seem intent on preventing Hamshenis from gaining a status of permanent residency.[70]
In the 2002 Russian Federation census, 1,542 people identified themselves as Hamshenis, two-thirds of whom were living in Krasnodar Krai.
Sochi has an ethnicRussian majority (~70%) but is home to a sizableArmenian minority (~20%), which is especially notable in theAdlersky City District where they compose more than half of the total population.[71] Most of Sochi's Armenian community are descendants ofHamshen Armenians from Turkey's northeasternBlack Sea coast, who began arriving in the late 19th century.[72]
From October 13 to 15, 2005, a Hamsheni international scientific convention was held in Sochi. The conference was organized under the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Russian-Armenian Commonwealth Organization of Moscow (commissioned by theArmenian Revolutionary Federation) with help from the Armenian Scientific Informational and Cultural Center, "Hamshen" (Krasnodar, Russia) and Russian Armenian newspaperYerkramas. It involved scholars from Armenia, Russia, theUnited States,Germany, andIran to discuss the past of the Hamshenis.[citation needed]
Ministers
Other
Tulum artists
Other
Türkiye'de yaşayan Hemşinlilerin Hopa, Borçka ve Adapazarı'ında yaşayanlarının dışındakiler, Ermenice'nin bir lehçesi olan Hemşin Ermenicesi'ni konuşamamaktadır.
...Sochi's Adler district, home to about 80,000 ethnic Armenians...
Hamshen Armenians comprise most of Sochi's Armenian population...
The origin of another Armenian Diaspora community, Hamshenis, has been a controversial subject for scholars of various disciplines throughout the years. Three regions were considered as a putative homeland for this isolated ethnic group, namely Eastern Armenia, Western Armenia and Central Asia. However, the results of the genetic survey based on the Y-chromosomal markers indicated the central part of historical Armenia as a plausible place of origin for the Hamsheni population (Margaryan et al. 2011).
| Topics | |
|---|---|
| Census in Turkey | |
| Lists | |
.jpg)
