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 Armenia |  China |
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Foreign relations exist betweenArmenia andChina. The first references to Armenian-Chinese contact are found in the works of 5th-century historianMoses of Chorene and 6th-century geographer and mathematicianAnania Shirakatsi.[1] The People's Republic of China officially recognized Armenia on December 27, 1991. Diplomatic relations between Armenia and the People's Republic of China were established on April 6, 1992. TheEmbassy of China to Armenia was established in July 1992, while theEmbassy of Armenia to China started its activities on August 10, 1996.[2] TheArmenian Ambassador to China resides in the Beijing embassy.
Presidents of ArmeniaLevon Ter-Petrosyan andRobert Kocharyan visited the P.R. of China in May 1996 and September 2004. PresidentSerzh Sargsyan was in China in May 2010 to participate in the opening ceremony of the "Shanghai WorldExpo 2010". High-level visits from China to Armenia included members of thePolitburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist PartyLuo Gan, in September 2003, andLi Changchun, in April 2011.
The first relations between the Armenian and Chinese people can be traced back to around AD 1000. In Chinese, “Armenia” is pronounced “Ya-mei-ni-ya.” These four characters literally mean “the beautiful maid of Asia.” In Armenian legends and fairy tales, China is called the country of Chenes, Chinumachin, or Chinastan.[3][4] Some ancient Armenian literary works have traces of Chinese cultural icons. For example, there areqilin,fenghuang anddharmachakra designs in the Armenian Bible.
Armenians visited China for trade and importedsilk,porcelain, jade, embroidered fabrics and other goods to bring back to Armenia via theSilk Road. In China, there was high demand for Armenian medicine, vegetables, mineral paints, and insects, especially the Armeniancochineal, which was used to dye the best Chinese and Indian silks.
The Chinese porcelains and celadonite that were discovered during archeological excavations of the Armenian cities ofGarni,Dvin,Ani, and theAmberd fortress are evidence of early-medieval Armenian-Chinese economic trade.
Movses Khorenatsi,Anania Shirakatsi,Stepanos Orbelian, andKing Hethum I of Armenia wrote about China, Chinese culture, and the Chinese people.
During the time of theMongol Empire, the relations between Armenia and China were furthered. Many Armenians began to settle in China. In 1688 the BritishEast India Company agreed to permit Armenians access to Chinese maritime trade. The Armenians made full usage of this agreement with the British established maritime trade hubs inShanghai andMacao.
On 27 December 1991, China officially recognized Armenia as an independent state. On April 6, 1992, manyCentral Asian countries established diplomatic relations with China. In July 1992, China established an embassy in the Armenian Capital ofYerevan. In 1996, Armenia established their embassy inBeijing.
| Year | Export | Import (origin) | Import (consignment) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | 31.2 | 399.7 | 208.1 |
| 2011 | 16.2 | 404.2 | 209.1 |
| 2010 | 30.8 | 404.2 | 223.3 |
| 2009 | 17.8 | 284.6 | 130.6 |
| 2008 | 18.1 | 382.1 | 169.3 |
| 2007 | 7.8 | 194.7 | 84.0 |
| 2006 | 0.4 | 111.0 | 52.5 |
| 2005 | 9.2 | 65.5 | 27.1 |
| 2004 | 21.7 | 38.4 | 13.3 |
| 2003 | 4.5 | 31.4 | 8.6 |
| 2002 | 4.0 | - | 10.1 |
| 2001 | 0.0 | - | 7.8 |
| 2000 | 0.5 | - | 5.4 |
| 1999 | 0.0 | - | 4.8 |
The data in the chart above shows that the trade volume between Armenia and China, although still relatively small, has grown significantly over the last decade and exceeded US$400 million by 2008. There was a significant slump in trade volume in 2009, probably due to theGreat Recession. Trade volume increased, exceeding US$400 million for two consecutive years in 2010 and 2011.
Armenia's main export is ore, while the products imported from China to Armenia are diverse and include clothes, shoes, machinery, chemicals, equipment, construction materials, furniture, food etc.[6]
In May 2010, Shanna (Shanxi-Nairit) Synthetic Rubber Co., jointly funded by Shanxi Synthetic Rubber Group and Armenia's Nairit LLC, was established and started production.[7] Armenia's president attended the inauguration of the Shanxi-Nairit joint venture, marking the commencement of the company's chloroprene rubber production in Datong.[8] Shanxi-Nairit joint venture was created based on an agreement signed in 2003 by the Shanxi Synthetic Rubber Company (China) and Nairit LLC (RA). Nairit LLC holds 40 percent of Shanxi-Nairit's shares.
China and Armenia have signed some bilateral cooperation agreements related to agriculture and scientific research, including the "Xinjiang-Armenia Top-quality Fruit Tree Planting Technical Cooperation", the "Central Asian Sci-Tech Exchange and Cooperation on Grapes", and the "Study on Vinyl Acetate and Its Byproducts".[9]
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The Chinese and Armenian governments have agreed to send 15 exchange students to study in each other's country each year. However, the two countries have not yet signed an agreement ensuring that the exchange students can receive credit for their work complete abroad. At present, there are no direct flights between Armenia and China.[11].[10]
Every year, China celebrates Armenian Cultural Day and Armenia celebrates Chinese Cultural Day. Armenians are very interested in Chinese culture and enjoy a variety of Chinese theatrical performances.[11]
Confucius Institute opened atYerevan State Linguistic University in 2008.[12] Another Confucius Institute opened elsewhere in Armenia. Additionally, in 2018, theChinese-Armenian Friendship School opened in Yerevan.[13]
Armenia has established diplomatic relations and military-technical collaborations with China. This includes the importation of Chinese-made weapons and the training of Armenian officers at Chinese military academies. Additionally, China provides 10 million yuan annually in military assistance for non-lethal activities aimed at enhancing security around the infrastructure of theSilk Road Economic Belt (SREB).
According toChang Wanquan, Minister of the PRC's Ministry of Defense, the Chinese and Armenian militaries have maintained the trend of conducting friendly exchanges and pragmatic cooperation, and the Chinese military has promoted the steady development of the relations between the two armed forces. According toSeyran Ohanyan, formerDefense Minister of Armenia, Armenia regards China as a reliable friend and partner. He expressed satisfaction with the development of the bilateral military relations seen in recent years and he expressed his hopes to promote cooperation between the two militaries in a variety of areas. On 18 January 2012, China and Armenia signed a Military Cooperation Agreement between the two countries.[14] In 2013, Ohanyan held talks with Xu Qiang, Vice Chairman of theCentral Military Commission, andChang Wanquan, Minister of the PRC's Ministry of Defense.[15]
Armenian defense ministers regularly participate in the Beijing Xiangshan Forums to discuss military-technical cooperation with China. For example, in October 2023, the current Minister of Defence met with Colonel GeneralHe Weidong, a member of the Politburo and Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China. According to Armenia's Ministry of Defence, the two officials discussed potential future collaboration.[16]
At present, China has not recognized theArmenian genocide. However, China has historically had an adverse relationship with the Turkic world, especially due to the recentXinjiang conflict when Turkey has been accused of sponsoringpan-Turkist separatists against China.[17][18] At the same time,anti-Chinese sentiment is also present in Turkey and other Turkic countries, most notably during theJuly 2009 Ürümqi riots, and news about theUyghurs and other Turkic people inXinjiang have always been a sensitive issue on Chinese–Turkish relations.[19][20]
As such, skepticism towards Turkey from China has resulted in a greater call for solidarity to the Armenian people in China, since relations between modern China and Armenia are friendly.[21] During the Armenian genocide, China hosted a small number of Armenian refugees, mostly concentrated aroundHarbin andTianjin, prompting expressions of gratitude from the survivors.[22] China has been accused by Turkey of aiding Armenia with reference to theArarat Mountain, the supposedly sacred mountain in Armenian mythology which lies inside modern Turkish borders, which Ankara believed Beijing is trying to help Armenia reinforce claims over Turkish territory.[23] Calls forrecognition of the genocide in China also gathered attention, notably in 2009 when the Turkish government blamed Chinese administration for the Uyghur–Han tensions.
In 2011, Chinese Foreign MinisterYang Jiechi laid flowers on theArmenian Genocide memorial inYerevan.[24]
In 2015, the Armenian community of China organized an important series of cultural and artistic events inNanjing to commemorate the centennial of the Armenian genocide. The aim was to share Armenian history, art, and culture with the Chinese people during this significant occasion.[25][26]
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