| Armed Forces of Bolivia | |
|---|---|
| Fuerzas Armadas de Bolivia | |
.svg) | |
| Motto | Subordinacion y Constancia, ¡Viva Bolivia! (Subordination and Steadfastness. Long Live Bolivia!) |
| Founded | 7 August 1826; 199 years ago (1826-08-07) |
| Service branches |  Bolivian Army Bolivian Navy Bolivian Air Force |
| Leadership | |
| Captain General of the Armed Forces | Rodrigo Paz (President of Bolivia) |
| Minister of Defense | Raúl Salinas |
| Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces | César Moisés Vallejos Rocha |
| Personnel | |
| Military age | 18 |
| Active personnel | 40.000 to 70.000 (est.) |
| Reserve personnel | 40.000 (est.) |
| Expenditure | |
| Budget | $659.2 million (2017) |
| Percent of GDP | 1.76% (2017) |
| Industry | |
| Foreign suppliers |  Argentina Austria Brazil China Mexico Peru Russia Turkey United States European Union France Switzerland United KingdomHistorical:  Israel |
| Related articles | |
| History | History of Bolivia |
| Ranks | Military ranks of Bolivia |
TheBolivian Armed Forces (Spanish:Fuerzas Armadas de Bolivia) are the military ofBolivia. The Armed Forces of Bolivia are responsible for the defence, both of external and internal, of Bolivia and they are constituted byBolivian Army, theBolivian Air Force and theBolivian Navy. All these institutions are under the Ministry of Defence of Bolivia.
In addition to the Bolivian Army, the Bolivian Air Force and the Bolivian Navy, theBolivian National Police, although dependent on theMinistry of Government in times of peace, is part of the reserves of the Armed Forces according to the Organic Law of the Armed Forces of this nation,[1] together with other reserve bodies such as the SAR-FAB emergency and rescue units.
Figures on the size and composition of the armed forces of Bolivia vary considerably, with rare official data available. It is estimated, however, that the three main forces (army, navy and air force) add up to a total of between 40,000[2] to 70,000[3][4][5] troops, while the Bolivian police would be around 40,000[6][7] troops.
The roles and tenure of the High Command are described in the Organic Law of the Armed Forces (LOFA)[1] which states that the hierarchy is subordinate to and appointed by thePresident of Bolivia with the Minister of Defense acting as an intermediary between the President and the Armed Forces. Article 172 of the 2009Constitution states that amongst the President's duties are "To designate and substitute the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces and the Commanders of the Army, the Air Force and the Navy."[8]
The current positions, appointed by interim president Jeanine Áñez Chávez on 13 Nov 2019[9] are as follows:
Article 100 of the LOFA also states that these positions, and several others such as Chief of Police and Head of the Presidential, may be held "only once during the military career and for a time no greater than two years".[1][10] This results in a fairly high turnover in the Bolivian High Command with continued service being prohibited by law. The last changes in High Command, under the previous PresidentEvo Morales, occurred on 24 Dec 2018,[11] 11 Dec 2017,[12] 29 Dec 2016,[13] 30 Dec 2015,[14] 18 Dec 2014,[15] 13 Dec 2013[10] and 3 Dec 2012.[16]
Attempts to increase the maximum length of service for members of the High Command (and other positions) were made, unsuccessfully, under the Morales administration who wished to increase it to between 3 and 5 years.[17]
| No. | Portrait | Name (birth–death) | Term of office | Defence branch | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
| General Víctor Guzmán Bruno | 14 August 1991 | 20 August 1992 | 1 year, 6 days | Bolivian Air Force | [18] | ||
| General Oscar Vargas Lorenzetti | 20 August 1992 | 15 December 1994 | 2 years, 117 days | Bolivian Army | [19] | ||
| General Reynaldo Cáceres Quiroga | 15 December 1994 | 1 November 1996 | 1 year, 322 days | Bolivian Army | [20] | ||
| General Hernán Aguilera Bianchi | 1 November 1996 | 14 November 1998 | 2 years, 13 days | Bolivian Army | [21] | ||
| Admiral Jorge Zabala Ossio | 14 November 1998 | 24 November 2000 | 2 years, 10 days | Bolivian Navy | [22] | ||
| General Alvin Anaya Kippes | 24 November 2000 | 8 August 2002 | 1 year, 257 days | Bolivian Army | [23] | ||
| Divisional general Roberto Claros Flores Acting | 8 August 2002 | 24 November 2003 | 1 year, 108 days | Bolivian Air Force | [24] | ||
| Admiral Luis Alberto Aranda Granados [eo] | 24 November 2003 | 14 June 2005 | 1 year, 202 days | Bolivian Navy | [25] | ||
| Admiral Marco Antonio Justiniano Escalante | 14 June 2005 | 24 January 2006 | 224 days | Bolivian Navy | [26] | ||
| Admiral José Luis Cabás Villegas Acting | 5 January 2009 | 24 January 2010 | 1 year, 19 days | Bolivian Navy | [27][28] | ||
| General Carlos Ramiro de La Fuente Bloch | 24 January 2010 | 22 March 2011 | 1 year, 57 days | Bolivian Army | [29] | ||
| Admiral Armando Pacheco Gutiérrez | 22 March 2011 | 5 January 2012 | 289 days | Bolivian Navy | [30] | ||
| General Tito Roger Gandarillas | 5 January 2012 | 3 December 2012 | 333 days | Bolivian Air Force | [31] | ||
| General Edwin de la Fuente | 3 December 2012 | 14 December 2013 | 1 year, 11 days | Bolivian Army | [32] | ||
| Admiral Víctor Baldivieso Haché | 14 December 2013 | 22 December 2014 | 1 year, 8 days | Bolivian Navy | [33] | ||
| General Omar Jaime Salinas Ortuño | 22 December 2014 | 30 December 2015 | 1 year, 8 days | Bolivian Army | [34] | ||
| General Juan Gonzalo Durán Flores | 30 December 2015 | 29 December 2016 | 365 days | Bolivian Air Force | [35] | ||
| General Luis Orlando Ariñez Bazán | 29 December 2016 | 11 December 2017 | 347 days | Bolivian Army | [36] | ||
| Admiral Yamil Octavio Borda Sosa | 11 December 2017 | 24 November 2018 | 348 days | Bolivian Navy | [37] | ||
.jpg) | General Williams Kaliman (born 1963) | 24 November 2018 | 13 November 2019 | 354 days | Bolivian Army | [38] | |
| General Carlos Orellana Centellas | 13 November 2019 | Incumbent | 6 years, 93 days | Bolivian Army | [39] | ||
The Bolivian Army (Ejército de Bolivia,EB) is the land branch of the armed forces of Bolivia. Together with the Bolivia army and air force Bolivia, is responsible for protecting Bolivia of internal, external threats and ensure the independence of this country. The Bolivian Army has around 55,500 men. There are six military regions (regiones militares—RMs) in the army. The Army is organized into ten divisions. The Army maintains a small fleet of utility aircraft, primarily to support headquarters.
The Special Forces command controls the following units:
Army aviation company 291 (La Paz), army aviation company 292 (Santa Cruz)
The Bolivian Army has six military regions (regiones militares—RMs) covering the variousDepartments of Bolivia:
The army is organized into ten territorial divisions plus a mechanized division, each of which, with the exception of Viacha, occupy a region generally corresponding to the administrative departments, with some overlapping. These and their respective divisional headquarters and constituent units are:
RI: infantry regiment RC: cavalry regiment RA: artillery regiment Bat.Ing.: battalion engineer
Army organized has ten divisions controlling the following units:
The Army maintains a small fleet of utility aircraft, primarily to support headquarters.
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| Bolivian army equipment[40][unreliable source] | |
|---|---|
| Tanks | 54SK-105 Kürassiers |
| Reconnaissance vehicles | 24EE-9 Cascavel |
| Armoured Personnel Carriers | 50M113armored personnel carriers with local upgrades, 24EE-11 Urutu APC,24M9 half-track APC, 15Cadillac Gage Commando V-150, 20Mowag Roland local upgraded (Used by the military Police) |
| Artillery pieces andmortar | 18Type 54 122 mmhowitzers, 6M101 105 mm howitzers, 107.5 cm FK 18 howitzers, 6Bofors 75 mm Model 1934 75 mm howitzers.Mortars: M-120 120 mm,M30 107 mm mortars, 250M29 81 mm mortars, FM 81 mm, W87 81 mm, M-224 60 mm mortarsAA artillery: 16 2×37 mm Type 65, 80 2×20 mmOerlikon 20 mm cannon K20, 50 MANPADHN-5AT weapons:rocket launchers RPG-7, 200 66 mmM72A3 LAW, 90 mmM20A1, 90 mmM67 recoilless rifle, RCL 82 mm Type 65/78, RCL 106 mmM40A1,40 portable AT missileHJ-8AiB Red Arow |
| Transport | TRANSPORT:DongFeng EQ 2081/2100, FEW C A1122J, Stayer 1491,16 Ford F-750, Unimog 416Dodge M-37 21⁄2 ton trucks,Engesa EE-15 trucks,Engesa EE-25 trucks,FIAT IVECO 619 5 ton trucksTACTICAL TRANSPORT VEHICLES:30 M988 HMMWV,40 Koyak local productionUTILITY TRANSPORT VEHICLES:Ford M151 jeep, CJ-5, CJ-7, Chrysler jeep Wrangler, BJ 2020VJ, horses (still used by the Bolivian cavalry units)[40][unreliable source] |
| Small Arms | HANDGUNS: FN-35,Glock 17,Beretta Model 92F, SM Model 10 (all 9mm)[Source?],M1911A1 11,43SMG: FMK 3, UZI, MAT 49 (all 9mm)Rifle:IMI Galil AR,M16A1,M4A1,Steyr AUG A1,SA 80, all (5.56 mm),FN-FAL, SIG-542, SIG-510-4, (all 7.62mm), Type 56–2(ak-47),SNIPER:Dragunov SVD,Mauser model 86SR, Steyr SSG-69P1AM Rifles:Steyr HS 50 12.7mmMG:M60,FN-MAG 60–20, SIG MG710-3 (all 7.62mm), Type 56 LMGGL:Type 87 35 mm, MM−1,M79,M203 (all 40 mm)Shotguns:Remington 870 and 11–87. |
Army officers, NCOs, and enlisted personnel generally wear gray or, for tropical areas, gray-green service uniforms. Army fatigue uniforms are olive green, and combat uniforms are ofUS woodland pattern camouflage. The standard headgear for enlisted personnel is the beret bearing the national colors of red, yellow and green. Paratroops(paracaidistas) were distinguished by black berets, and Special Forces by green berets.
The Bolivian air force (Fuerza Aérea Boliviana,FAB) is the air branch of the armed forces of Bolivia. TheBolivian Air Force has nine air bases, located atLa Paz,Cochabamba,Santa Cruz,Puerto Suárez,Tarija,Villamontes,Cobija,Riberalta, andRoboré.
Major commands included the following:
The Bolivian Naval Force (Fuerza Naval Boliviana in Spanish), formerly Bolivian Navy (Armada Boliviana) is a naval force about 5,000 strong in 2008.[41] Although Bolivia has beenlandlocked since theWar of the Pacific in 1879, Bolivia established a River and Lake Force (Fuerza Fluvial y Lacustre) in January 1963 under the Ministry of National Defense. It consisted of four boats supplied from the United States and 1,800 personnel recruited largely from the army. Bolivia's naval force was renamed the Bolivian Naval Force (Fuerza Naval Boliviana) in January 1966, but it also has been called the Bolivian Navy (Armada Boliviana). It became a separate branch of the armed forces in 1963. Bolivia has large rivers that are tributaries to theAmazon which are patrolled to prevent smuggling and drug trafficking. There is also a Bolivian Naval presence onLake Titicaca, the highest navigable lake in the world, across which runs along the Peruvian frontier.
Landlocked Bolivia has not become reconciled with the loss of its coast to Chile, and the Navy exists to keep the hope of recovering its coast alive by cultivating a maritime consciousness.[41] The Bolivian Navy takes part in many parades and government functions, but none more so than theDía Del Mar (Day of the Sea) in which Bolivia, every year, asks for the coast territories lost to Chile during theWar of the Pacific (fought between Peru and Bolivia against Chile) from 1879 to 1884. This is still a sore point for Bolivia, influencing many modern-day political actions and trade decisions.[42]
The Navy is organized into ten naval districts, with flotilla headquarters inGuaqui,Guayaramerín,Puerto Suárez,Riberalta, andSan Pedro de Tiquina, and bases inPuerto Busch, Puerto Horquilla,Puerto Villarroel,Trinidad, andRurrenabaque.
Naval vessels include several dozen boats, dozen or more of which are forriverine patrol, including the piranias, and riders, which are powerful river boats. In addition, Bolivia has several seagoing vessels, including theSanta Cruz de la Sierra (PR-51), and several flagged ships that sail with the permission of the "Capitanias Navales" Naval Registration Office. TheLibertador Simón Bolívar, a ship acquired from Venezuela, use to navigate from its home port in Rosario, Argentina on theRiver Paraná. In 1993, the Navy was formally renamed theNaval Force (Fuerza Naval) and moved with theBolivian Army under a single military authority.
Most of the officers are often educated in the Naval Academy where they graduate with a BS in Military and Naval Science, diploma accredited by the Military University and then they do other studies at the bachelor's degree and master's level. Argentina has their Naval Military Group in Bolivia advising at the highest level in naval strategy and tactics. Many Bolivian officers practice ocean sailing in Argentinean big naval ships. The Bolivian Navy has several Special Forces units to address both internal and external conflicts.
The Bolivian Naval Force covers the extensive river and lake Bolivian territory divided between the following functions Naval Districts, note that the names of these units are derived from the basin or region where they operate:
The Marine component of the FNB originated with the creation of the Marine Battalion Almirante Grau in the early 1980s. This unit of 600 men is based on Tiquina naval base on Lake Titicaca. Later changes name to Marine Battalion Independence, based in Chua (Not to be confused with the Independence RI17 EB).At present this battalion maintains a similar number of troops including premilitares. Staff of this unit is part of Task Force Blue Devils or are stationed in various naval bases. There are currently seven infantry battalions which are distributed as follows:
This specialty is essentially similar to its counterpart in the Army, carrying out operations such as Important Persons Protection (IPP) Physical Security (SEF) or Patrol Facility (PAT), with additions such as signals or naval protocol. There Naval detachments of PM in all district headquarters or FNB Naval Area. But only have the following units at the Battalion:
The Bolivian Navy has a total of 173 vessels, mostly stationed on Lake Titicaca:
Since 1904 military service has been compulsory for all fit males between the ages of eighteen and forty-nine. In practice, however, budgetary limitations strictly limited the number of eligible men conscripted, and those traditionally tended to be mostly Indians. Beginning in 1967, conscripts were legally held on active duty for up to two years, but funds seldom permitted even a full year's service. Noncommissioned officers (NCOs) and warrant officers, all of whom were volunteers, generally were drawn from mixed-blood cholos (those of Spanish and Indian descent). In the late 1980s, the service obligation was one year, and conscripts had to be at least nineteen years of age. The FF.AA. commander reported in early 1989 that the largest percentage of conscripts came from the middle class. One explanation for this change could have been the flocking of youths to the lucrative coca paste-making business. Military authorities in the Cochabamba area in particular began to experience growing difficulty in enlisting volunteers in the mid-1980s. Consequently, the military reportedly was resorting topressganging eighteen-year-olds off the city streets to fill their annual quotas.
Training installations include the Garras International Antinarcotics Training School (Escuela Garras del Valor) is a military training facility located in Bolivia, which trains military and law enforcement personnel from Bolivia and other Latin American countries[citation needed] in counternarcotics,intelligence, andcounterinsurgency techniques.[43][44][45]
