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|
Armand Fallières | |
|---|---|
 Fallières in 1906 | |
| President of France | |
| In office 18 February 1906 – 18 February 1913 | |
| Prime Minister | Maurice Rouvier Ferdinand Sarrien Georges Clemenceau Aristide Briand Ernest Monis Joseph Caillaux Raymond Poincaré Aristide Briand |
| Preceded by | Émile Loubet |
| Succeeded by | Raymond Poincaré |
| Prime Minister of France | |
| In office 29 January 1883 – 21 February 1883 | |
| President | Jules Grévy |
| Preceded by | Charles Duclerc |
| Succeeded by | Jules Ferry |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 6 November 1841 |
| Died | 22 June 1931 (aged 89) |
| Political party | Democratic Republican Alliance |
| Alma mater | University of Paris |
| Signature |  |
Clément Armand Fallières (French:[aʁmɑ̃faljɛʁ]; 6 November 1841 – 22 June 1931) was a French statesman who wasPresident of France from 1906 to 1913.
Clément Armand Fallières was a symbol of republicanism in theFrench Third Republic. He was born into a middle-class family in Lot-et-Garonne and became a lawyer and a Republican politician. He held various ministerial posts and was briefly prime minister in 1883. He had a moderate and sensitive approach to the religious problem, but was tough in dealing with labor unrest. In 1906, he became president of France, defeating Paul Doumer. According to David Bell, he had a talent for spotting political talent. His presidency was marked by his genial and reassuring manner, making him a popular figurehead. He was content with the procedural honors of a constitutional president and let his ministers make the decisions. His presidency emphasized the Senate's republicanism. He had the honour, though not the power, of presiding over the left-wing governing coalition known as thebloc des gauches ("left bloc").[1]
He was born atMézin in thedépartement ofLot-et-Garonne, France, where his father was clerk of the peace. He studied law and became an advocate atNérac, beginning his public career there asmunicipal councilor (1868), afterwardsmayor (1871), and as councillor-general of thedepartment of Lot-et-Garonne (1871). Being an ardentRepublican, he lost this position in May 1873 upon the fall ofThiers, but in February 1876 was elected deputy for Nérac. In the Chamber he sat with theOpportunist Republican parliamentary group,Gauche républicaine, signed the protestation of 18 May 1877, and was re-elected five months later.[2]
In 1880 he became under-secretary of state in the department of the interior inJules Ferry's ministry (May 1880 to November 1881). From 7 August 1882 to 20 February 1883 he was Minister of the Interior, and for a month (from 29 January 1883) wasPrime Minister. His ministry had to face the question of the expulsion of the pretenders to the throne of France, owing to the proclamation byPrince Napoléon (January 1883).[2]
Fallières, who was ill at the time, was not able to face the storm of opposition, and resigned when theSenate rejected his project. The following November, however, he was chosen as minister of public instruction byJules Ferry, and carried out various reforms in the school system.[2]
He resigned in March 1885, becoming Minister of the Interior inMaurice Rouvier's cabinet two years later. He exchanged his portfolio in December for that of the department of justice. He returned again to the Ministry of the Interior in February 1889, and finally retook the department of justice from March 1890 to February 1892. In June 1890 hisdépartement (Lot-et-Garonne) elected him to the senate by 417 votes to 23. There Fallières remained independent of party struggles, although maintaining his influence among the Republicans.[2]
In March 1899 he was elected President of the Senate, and retained that position until January 1906, when he was chosen by a union of the groups of the Left in both chambers as candidate for the Presidency of the Republic. He was elected on the first ballot by 449 votes against 371 for his opponent,Paul Doumer.[2]
Fallières was an outspoken opponent of the death penalty and commuted the sentences of many prisoners sentenced to death.[citation needed]
Spain: Grand Cross of the Royal and DistinguishedOrder of Charles III, with Collar,19 June 1905[3]
Sweden: Knight of the RoyalOrder of the Seraphim,27 April 1906[4]
Norway: Grand Cross of the Royal NorwegianOrder of Saint Olav, with Collar,13 October 1906[5]
Siam: Knight of theOrder of the Royal House of Chakri,20 June 1907[6]
Kingdom of Romania: Collar of theOrder of Carol I,1907[7]
United Kingdom:Royal Victorian Chain,29 May 1908[8]
Kingdom of Italy: Knight of theSupreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation,25 April 1909[9]
Monaco: Grand Cross of theOrder of Saint-Charles,27 April 1909[10]
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Fallières, Clément Armand".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 154.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Minister of the Interior 1882–1883 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Minister of Worship 1882–1883 | |
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of France 1883 | Succeeded by |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs Acting 1883 | Succeeded by | |
| Preceded by | Minister of Public Education and Fine Arts 1883–1885 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Minister of the Interior 1887 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Minister of Justice 1887–1888 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Minister of Worship 1890–1892 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Minister of Public Education and Fine Arts 1889–1890 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | President of the Senate 1899–1906 | Succeeded by |
| President of France 1906-1913 | Succeeded by | |
