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 Insignia of the Armée secrète in Haute-Savoie | |
| Formation | 11 November 1942 (1942-11-11) |
|---|---|
| Dissolved | 1 February 1944; 82 years ago (1944-02-01) |
| Type | Resistance network |
Region | France |
Official language | French |
Chef | Charles Delestraint |
Chef d'état-major | François Morin-Forestier [fr], laterPierre Dejussieu-Pontcarral |
Key people | Henri Frenay,Jean Moulin |
| Affiliations | Mouvements unis de la Résistance (MUR) |
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Thearmée secrète was a French military organization active duringWorld War II. The collective grouped the paramilitary formations of the three most importantGaullist resistance movements in thesouthern zone.
In mid-1942, in the R1 Region, the three major Gaullist movements (Combat,Libération-sud and theFranc-Tireurs) wanted to coordinate the military units at their disposal to make them more effective.Henri Frenay, leader of Combat, claimed command of the new structure, but faced opposition fromEmmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie, leader of Liberation-Sud andJean-Pierre Levy [fr], head of the Franc-Tireurs.Jean Moulin insisted that the post should go to someone with no affiliation to one of these groups, so Frenay proposedCharles Delestraint, a general recalled from his retirement during theBattle of France, who admired GeneralCharles de Gaulle and detestedVichy. He was the only general officer who had been promoted despite that defeat; the proposal was unanimously accepted.
Jean Moulin and General Delestraint first met on 28 August 1942 in Lyon. At the end of the interview, Jean Moulin ordered the three regional chiefs of the paramilitary formations of the great movements made available to Delestraint, for him to choose the best suited to the regional direction of the Secret Army. To this position, eminently clandestine and dangerous, the general named CaptainClaudius Billon. As early as September, Billon appointed each of the AS departmental heads for R1, with the exception of the AS chief forAin, named by Delestraint himself.
In October, Delestraint was appointed (officially) by General de Gaulle.General de Lattre had also been approached for this post, but had refused. Delestraint took command on 11 November 1942. His secretary wasFrançois-Yves Guillin; the head of the 2nd AS office wasJoseph Gastaldo [fr].André Lassagne was the deputy of Gastaldo, before becoming Delestraint, and the information was entrusted to Albert Lacaze (4th office). Its chief of staff wasFrançois Morin-Forestier [fr], from Combat, staff in which is also integratedRaymond Aubrac.[clarification needed]
On 27 November 1942, inCollonges-au-Mont-d'Or, the constituent meeting of the Southern Zone Coordination Committee was held and the head of the Secret Army was presented by Jean Moulin. This committee intended to unite the three major resistance movements.
In December, Delestraint, inexperienced in the constraints of illegal life, crossed the demarcation line to make contact with the major movements in the northern zone: Liberation, the Civil and Military Organization (CMO) National, Libération-Nord. Then, back in the free zone, he took part in the creation of the United Movements of the Resistance (MUR) on 26 January 1943 in Miribel, in Ain.
At the beginning of February 1943,Hugo Geissler [fr], Kommandeur of theSipo-SD in Vichy, decapitated the Secret Army of the R1 region. On 1 February in Lyon's Place du Pont, he arrested Billon, head of the AS in R1 (eleven departments), along with his deputy Pierre Lavergne. On 3 February, at 31 rue Basse-des-Rives in Saint-Étienne, during a secret meeting of the headquarters of the departmental AS, he also arrested the head of AS Loire, Lieutenant Vidiani, and his companions. On 10 February, inLe Puy-en-Velay, they continued to dismantle the AS in R1 with the arrest of the chief of AS in Haute-Loire Alfred Salvatelli and his companions at his home. After the 10 February arrest the Haute-Loire resistance joined region R6 (Auvergne). On 27 May 1943, these three arrests, orchestrated by Geissler, featured prominently at the beginning of theErnst Kaltenbrunner's report addressed toJoachim von Ribbentrop, Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Reich.
Delestraint then fought against the advice of Frenay (who had been provisionally delegated general of the Secret Army) to put the Army under the tutelage of the MUR. Frenay, on the one hand the No. 2 of the Secret Army and on the other a member of the Coordination Committee of the same army, then wished the recall of Delestraint and his own appointment as head of the Secret Army, which were rejected by the other members of the Coordinating Committee, Moulin, d'Astier and Levy.
In London in February 1943 to meet Allied authorities, Delestraint was asked to make his troop the "nucleus of the future French army", estimated at 150,000 men. Unfortunately, Francois Morin-Forestier was arrested in March with Raymond Aubrac,Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont andSerge Ravanel of the MUR, and only released in May, thanks to the action of his former co-detainee Raymond Aubrac. His release did not allow his return to the staff: too exposed, he was ex-filtered to London. In April, Delestraint returned to Paris, arriving on 11 April. By the 4 June report, Moulin deplores the risks that Delestraint was taking, working alone when he would do better if assisted.
On 9 June 1943 Delestraint, Gastaldo and their deputy Jean-Louis Théobald were arrested in Paris. On 21 June a staff meeting was held to find a successor to Delestraint inCaluire-et-Cuire. Léonard Émile Schwarzfeld, candidate to replace Delestraint, Aubrac, candidate for the leadership in the northern zone, and Lassagne for the southern zone, as well as other leaders of the Resistance such as Moulin,Henri Aubry,René Hardy,Albert Lacaze [fr] andBruno Larat [fr] were taken prisoner. In July 1943, ColonelPierre Dejussieu-Pontcarral was appointed chief of staff of a Secret Army now without an official leader. The Chief of Staff of the Southern Zone was General Jouffrault, until he was also arrested in August 1943.
On 1 February 1944 the Gaullist Secret Army merged with theFrench Forces of the Interior (FFI), with the Army Resistance Organization (ORA) and the French Francs-tireurs et partisans (FTPF, communists, not to be confused with the Franc-Tireur movement).
This structure was mainly found in the southern half of France:Rhône-Alpes (R1) andAuvergne (R6), but alsoLimousin (R5), South-East and the Southwest (R4). It corresponded to the organizational structure used by Combat.
Uniting the regions of the free zone took only a few weeks, the various chiefs being chosen from among the regional chiefs in office. In Region A, the workforce was almost entirely composed of members of the CMO.
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