Arjuna (Sanskrit:अर्जुन,IAST:Arjuna) was an ancient prince of theKuru Kingdom, located in the present-dayIndia. He is one of the main protagonists of theHindu epicMahābhārata. He was the third of fivePandava brothers, from the lineage of theKuru. In theMahabharata War, Arjuna was a key warrior from the Pandava side in the battle of Kurukshetra. Before the beginning of the war, his mentorKrishna gave him the supreme knowledge of theBhagavad Gita, guiding him through his moral dilemmas. Throughout the epic, Arjuna is the closest friend and companion of Krishna.[1]
Arjuna was the son ofKunti, the wife of Kuru KingPandu, and the godIndra, who fathered him due to Pandu's curse. Renowned for his archery skills from an early age, he excelled in his training under the guidance ofDrona. He emerged as the primary adversary of the Kauravas. He marriedDraupadi, who became the common wife of the Pandavas.
Arjuna's life was marked by two periods of exile. The first exile stemmed from a broken pact with his brothers, while the second followed the tragic loss of their kingdom through the game of dice. During his first exile, Arjuna marriedUlupi,Chitrāngadā andSubhadra. From these unions, he fathered four sons:Shrutakarma,Iravan,Babhruvahana andAbhimanyu. His second exile saw him acquire many celestial weapons. Beyond his martial prowess, Arjuna was also a skilled musician and dancer. At the end of the epic the Pandavas, accompanied byDraupadi, retire to theHimalayas, where everyone in time passes away to arrive in heaven.
Etymology and epithets
According toMonier Monier-Williams, the wordArjuna means white, clear or silver.[2] But Arjuna is known by many other names, such as:[3][4]
Dhanañjaya (धनञ्जय) – one who conquered wealth and gold
Guḍākesha (गुडाकेश) – one who has conquered sleep (the lord of sleep,Gudaka+isha) or one who has abundant hair (Guda-kesha).
Vijaya (विजय) – always victorious, invincible and undefeatable
Savyasāchī (सव्यसाची)– one who can shoot arrows using the right and the left hand with equal activity; Ambidextrous.[5]
Shvetavāhana (श्वेतवाहन) – one with milky white horses mounted to his pure white chariot[6]
Bībhatsu (बीभत्सु) – one who always fights wars in a fair, stylish and terrific manner and never does anything horrible in the war
Kirīṭī (किरीटी) – one who wears the celestialdiadem presented by the King of Gods,Indra[7]
Jiṣṇu (जिष्णु) – triumphant, conqueror of enemies[8]
Phālguṇa (फाल्गुण) – born under the star Uttara Phalguni (Denebola inLeo)[9]
Mahābāhu (महाबाहु) – one with large and strong arms
Gāṇḍīvadhārī (गाण्डीवधारी) – holder of a bow namedGandiva
Pārtha (पार्थ) – son of Pritha (orKunti) – after his mother
Kaunteya (कौन्तेय) – son of Kunti – after his mother
Pāṇḍuputra (पाण्डुपुत्र) – son ofPandu – after his father
Kṛṣṇā (कृष्णा) – He who is of dark complexion and conducts great purity.[9]
Bṛhannalā (बृहन्नला) – another name assumed by Arjuna for the 13th year in exile
Literary background
The story of Arjuna is told in theMahabharata, one of theSanskrit epics from theIndian subcontinent. The work is written in Classical Sanskrit and is a composite work of revisions, editing and interpolations over many centuries. The oldest parts in the surviving version of the text may date to near 400 BCE.[10]
TheMahabharata manuscripts exist in numerous versions, wherein the specifics and details of major characters and episodes vary, often significantly. Except for the sections containing theBhagavad Gita which is remarkably consistent between the numerous manuscripts, the rest of the epic exists in many versions.[11] The differences between the Northern and Southern recensions are particularly significant, with the Southern manuscripts more profuse and longer. Scholars have attempted to construct acritical edition, relying mostly on a study of the "Bombay" edition, the "Poona" edition, the "Calcutta" edition and the "south Indian" editions of the manuscripts. The most accepted version is one prepared by scholars led byVishnu Sukthankar at theBhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, preserved atKyoto University,Cambridge University and various Indian universities.[12]
Life and legends
Birth and early life
Arjuna was one of the five Pandava brothers of royal lineage, whose collective name derives from their father, and heir to theLunar dynasty, Pandu. However, Pandu was under a curse whereby he would die if he had sexual relations with a woman, and so his sons were born using a mantra given to Kunti by sageDurvasa during her maiden days. His wives—Madri and Kunti—invoked different gods and were also blessed with children.[13] According to the legend, Arjuna was ademigod, who was born as a blessing after his mother Kunti invoked the god Indra on her husband's request.[14][15] The Mahabharata and Puranas such asDevi Bhagavata also records Arjuna as a reincarnation of arishi called Nara.[16][17]
Despite being the younger brother ofDhritarashtra, it was Pandu who succeeded their father as king ofBharata. This was because Dhritarashtra was blind, a disability that caused him to forfeit his right to the royal succession. Dhritarashtra fathered 100 sons, known as theKaurava brothers, and ascended the throne on the death of Pandu.[18][19] The Pandava brothers were then brought up with their cousins, the Kauravas, and the education of all these boys was supervised byBheeshma.[20] Among their teachers was thebrahmin warrior calledDrona, who considered Arjuna to be his favourite.[21] According to Swami Parmeshwaranand, Arjuna was Drona's most accomplished pupil. He notes an incident where Drona deemed that out of all his students, none but Arjuna had the steadfast focus to shoot the eye of a toy bird on a tree using a bow and arrow, and that Drona was proven right.[22]
After the princes completed their training, Arjuna defeatedDrupada ofPanchala, who was impressed by the prince's skills, as thegurudakshina for his beloved teacher Drona.[23] Later,Duryodhana and his maternal uncleShakuni planned to burn the Pandavas alive along with their mother Kunti. They built a palace out of lac in a village named Varanāvata. The Pandavas, though, managed to escape the house of lac with the help ofVidura through a secret tunnel.[24]
After the event ofLakshagriha, Arjuna, his mother and brothers decide to hide from Hastinapura. One day, Arjuna learns that Drupada is holding an archery tournament to determine who should marry his daughter. The tournament was to lift and string a bow, and fire arrows to pierce the eye of a golden fish only by looking at its reflection in the water. At the Swayamvara, almost all the assorted monarchs were unable to complete the challenge. In the end, Arjuna, dressed as a Brahmin, wins the tournament.[28] Annoyed by their defeat, the kings attack Arjuna, but he defeats them and runs home to tell his mother of his success, shouting "look what we have found". Commentators vary as to whether Kunti thought he was referring toalms found in the forest or to some great prize unknown to her. She tells him that the find must be shared with his brothers, as they had always shared such things in the past.
This misunderstanding, combined with the protocol that the oldest of the brothers, Yudhishthira, should marry first, leads to the agreement that all five brothers marry her. This is one of the rare examples ofpolyandry inSanskrit literature.[25][29] The brothers agreed that none should intrude if Draupadi was alone with one of the others, the penalty for doing so is a year to be spent in exile during which the culprit must remain celibate.[25]
When Arjuna, his siblings, mother and Draupadi returned to Hastinapura, Dhritarashtra determined to avoid a rivalry developing for control of Hastinapur by splitting the kingdom, with half of it being left to his own eldest son,Duryodhana, and half to the eldest son of Pandu,Yudhishthira.[18][19]
Arjuna inadvertently broke the pact with his brothers, intruding as he sought to collect weapons whilst Yudhishthira, was alone with Draupadi. He felt obliged to go into exile despite Yudhishthira's attempts to dissuade him.[27] It was this event that led to him forming a close relationship with his cousinKrishna[a] because he ignored the celibacy condition of the pact[25] and married three people on his travels, the first of whom was a Naga princess namedUlupi, with whom he had a son calledIravan. His second marriage was with a princess of Manipura,Chitrangada, who bore a son namedBabhruvahana. The third was withSubhadra, the sister of Krishna. This last event, which took place inDvaraka,[27] is not the first meeting between Krishna and the Pandavas in the story but it does mark the start of a bond, sealed with the birth of the couple's child,Abhimanyu, whom Krishna adores.[31]
Burning of Khandava Forest
Burning of Khandava forest
It was while atIndraprastha, the capital city of the Pandavas,[32] for the birth of Abhimanyu that Arjuna and Krishna become involved in whatAlf Hiltebeitel describes as "one of the strangest scenes of the epic", this being the burning of the Khandava Forest. Thisstory within a story has been interpreted in various ways.[31]
The essence of this part of the myth is that Arjuna and Krishna are in the forest when they are approached by a hungry person. They agree to help satisfy his hunger, at which point he reveals himself to beAgni, the god of fire. Agni's hunger can only be sated by consuming the entire forest and everything in it but his previous attempts to do this were thwarted by Indra, who is a protector of the forest and sent down rains to quench the fire. The cousins agree to fend off Indra and anyone else who might interfere; to this end, Arjuna armed himself with theGandiva bow and Krishna with hisSudarshana Chakra, weapons suitable for a fight with the gods. They then begin to destroy the forest, battling against Indra and other gods, as well as demons, animals and snakes. Once the forest has gone, after six days of fire and slaughter, Arjuna and Krishna receive thanks from Indra, who had retreated with the other gods partway through the proceedings on being commanded by a mysterious voice to step back and watch.[33]
The game of dice
As heir to the lordship ofKurukshetra, Yudhishthira had attracted the unwelcome attention of his Kaurava cousin, Duryodhana, who sought the throne.[34] The royal consecration involved an elaborateVedic ceremony calledrajasuya which extended over several years and included the playing of a ritualisedgame of dice.[35] This particular game, described as "Indian literature's most notorious dice game" by Williams,[25] was rigged by Duryodhana, causing Yudhishthira to gamble and lose everything, including his kingdom and his shared wife Draupadi.[29][36] He and his brothers only obtained their freedom because Draupadi offered herself to the Kauravas in exchange. She was then humiliated by them so much that revenge for her treatment became a further motivation for the Pandavas in the rivalry with their cousins.[29] During her humiliation, Karna called her an unchaste for marrying five men. This led Arjuna to take a vow of killing Karna.[37] The brothers, including Arjuna, were forced into a 12-year exile, to be followed by a year living incognito if Yudhishthira was to regain his kingdom.[36]
Exile of the Pandavas
While in this exile, Arjuna visited theHimalayas to get celestial weapons that he would be able to use against the Kauravas. Thereafter, he honed his battle skills with a visit toSwarga, the heaven of Indra, where he emerged victorious in a battle with theDaityas and also fought for Indra, his spiritual father, with the Gandiva.[14]
After thebattle at Khandava,Indra had promised Arjuna to give him all his weapons as a boon for matching him in battle with the requirement thatShiva is pleased with him. During the exile, following the advice ofKrishna to go on meditation ortapasya to attain thisdivine weapon, Arjuna left his brothers for a penance on Indrakeeladri Hill (Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh).[38]
When Arjuna was in deep meditation, a wild boar ran towards him. He realized it and took out an arrow and shot it at the boar. But, another arrow had already pierced the boar. Arjuna was furious and he saw a hunter there. He confronted the hunter and they engaged in a fight. After hours of fighting, Arjuna was not able to defeat him and realized that the hunter was Shiva. Shiva was pleased and took his real form. He gave himPashupatastra and told that the boar was Indra as he wanted to test Arjuna. After gaining the weapon, Indra took him to heaven and gave him many weapons.[38][39]
During his exile, Arjuna was invited to the palace ofIndra, his father. Anapsara namedUrvashi was impressed and attracted to Arjuna's look and talent so she expresses her love in front of him. But Arjuna did not have any intentions of making love to Urvashi. Instead, he called her "mother". Because once Urvashi was the wife of KingPururavas the ancestor ofKuru dynasty. Urvashi felt insulted and cursed Arjuna that he will be a eunuch for the rest of his life. Later on Indra's request, Urvashi curtailed the curse to a period of one year.[40][41]
At Matsya Kingdom
Arjuna Sets Kama's Arrow Alight, folio from the Razmnama (Book of War)
Arjuna spent the last year of exile as a eunuch named Brihannala at KingVirata’sMatsya Kingdom. He taught singing and dancing to the princessUttarā. After Kichaka humiliated and tried to molest Draupadi, Arjuna consoled her and Bhima killed Kichaka. When Duryodhana and his army attacked Matsya,Uttara, Uttarā's brother, with Brihannala as his charioteer went to the army. Later that day, the year of Agyatavasa was over. Arjuna took Uttara away from the army to the forest where he had kept his divine bow, Gandiva, and revealed his identity to Uttara. He then fought Kaurava army and single-handedly defeated them including warriors like Bheeshma, Drona, Ashwatthama, Karna, Duryodhana etc. When Arjuna's identity was revealed to the court, Uttarā was married to Arjuna's sonAbhimanyu.[40][42]
Kurukshetra War
Bhagavat Gita
TheBhagavad Gita is a book within theMahabharata that depicts a dialogue between Arjuna and Krishna immediately prior to the commencement of the Kurukshetra War between the Pandavas and Kauravas. According to Richard H. Davis,
The conversation deals with the moral propriety of the war and much else as well. TheGita begins with Arjuna in confusion and despair, dropping his weapons; it ends with Arjuna picking up his bow, all doubts resolved and ready for battle.[43]
Arjuna was a key warrior in Pandava's victory in the Kurukshetra. Arjuna's prowess as an archer was demonstrated by his success in slaying numerous warriors, including his own elder brother Karna and grandfather Bhishma.
Fall ofBheeshma: On the 10th day of battle,Shikhandi accompanied Arjuna on the latter's chariot and they faced Bheeshma who did not fire arrows at Shikhandi. He was then felled in battle by Arjuna, pierced by innumerable arrows. With Sikhandi in front, Bheeshma did not even look in that direction, Arjuna shot arrows at Bheeshma, piercing his entire body.[40]
Death ofBhagadatta: On the 12th day of the war, Arjuna killed the powerful king ofPragjyotishaBhagadatta, along with his mighty elephantSupratika.[44]
Death ofJayadratha: Arjuna learns that Jayadratha blocked the other four Pandavas, at the entrance of Chakravyuha, due to which Abhimanyu entered alone and was killed unfairly by multiple Kaurava warriors on the 13th day of the war. Arjuna vowed to kill him the very next day before sunset, failing which he would kill himself by jumping into a fire. Arjuna pierced into the Kaurava army on the 14th day, killing two aukshohinis (4.2 Lakh soldiers) of their army, and finally beheadedJayadratha on the 14th day of the war.
Death of Sudakshina: He killed Sudakshina the king of Kambojas on the 14th day using Indrastra killing him and a large part of his army. He also killed Shrutayu, Ashrutayu, Niyutayu, Dirghayu, Vinda, and Anuvinda during his quest to kill Jayadratha.
Death ofSusharma: Arjuna on the 18th day killed King Susharma ofTrigarta Kingdom, the main Kaurava ally.
Death ofKarna: The much anticipated battle between Arjuna and Karna took place on the 17th day of war. The battle continued fiercely and Arjuna killed Karna by usingAnjalikastra when Karna was weaponless.[40]
Later life and death
After the Kurukshetra War, Yudhishthira appointed Arjuna as the Prime Minister of Hastinapur. Yudhishthira performedAshvamedha. Arjuna followed the horse to the land of Manipura and encounteredBabhruvahana, one of his sons. None of them knew one another. Babhruvahana asked Arjuna to fight and injured his father during the battle.Chitrāngadā came to the battlefield and revealed that Arjuna was her husband and Babhruvahana's father.Ulupi, the second wife of Arjuna, revived Arjuna using a celestial gem called Nagamani.[45]
After Krishna left his mortal body, Arjuna took the remaining citizens of Dwaraka to Indraprastha. On the way, they were attacked by a group of bandits. Arjuna desisted from fighting seeing the law of time.
Upon the onset of theKali Yuga, and acting on the advice ofVyasa, Arjuna and other Pandavas retired, leaving the throne toParikshit (Arjuna's grandson and Abhimanyu's son). Giving up all their belongings and ties, the Pandavas, accompanied by a dog, made their final journey of pilgrimage to theHimalayas. The listener of the Mahabharata isJanamejaya, Parikshit's son and Arjuna's great-grandson.[46]
In theIndonesian archipelago, the figure of Arjuna is also known and has been famous for a long time. Arjuna especially became popular in the areas ofJava,Bali,Madura andLombok. In Java and later in Bali, Arjuna became the main character in severalkakawin, such as Kakawin Arjunawiwāha, Kakawin Pārthayajña, and Kakawin Pārthāyana (also known as Kakawin Subhadrawiwāha. In addition, Arjuna is also found in several temple reliefs on the island of Java, for example theSurawana temple.
Arjuna is a well-known figure in the world ofwayang (Indonesianpuppetry) inJavanese culture. Some of the characteristics of the wayang version of Arjuna may be different from that of Arjuna in theIndian version of the Mahābhārata book in Sanskrit. In the world of puppetry, Arjuna is described as a knight who likes to travel, meditate, and learn. Apart from being a student of Resi Drona at Padepokan Sukalima, he is also a student of Resi Padmanaba from the Untarayana Hermitage. Arjuna was a Brahman in Goa Mintaraga, with the title Bagawan Ciptaning. He was made the superior knight of the gods to destroy Prabu Niwatakawaca, the giant king of the Manimantaka country. For his services, Arjuna was crowned king in Dewa Indra's heaven, with the title King Karitin and get the gift of magical heirlooms from the gods, including: Gendewa (fromBhatara Indra), Ardadadali Arrow (fromBhatara Kuwera), Cundamanik Arrow (fromBhatara Narada). After theBharatayuddha war, Arjuna became king in Banakeling State, the former Jayadrata kingdom.
Arjuna has a smart and clever nature, is quiet, conscientious, polite, brave and likes to protect the weak. He leads the Madukara Duchy, within the territory of the state of Amarta. For the older generation ofJava, he was the embodiment of a whole man. Very different fromYudhisthira, he really enjoyed life in the world. His love adventures always amaze theJavanese, but he is different fromDon Juan who always chases women. It is said that Arjuna was so refined and handsome that princesses, as well as the ladies-in-waiting, would immediately offer themselves. They are the ones who get the honor, not Arjuna. He is very different from Wrekudara. He displayed a graceful body and a gentleness that was appreciated by the Javanese of all generations.
Arjuna also has other powerful heirlooms, among others: The Kiai KalanadahKeris was given toGatotkaca when he married Dewi Gowa (Arjuna's son), Sangkali Arrow (from Resi Drona), Candranila Arrow, Sirsha Arrow, Sarotama Kiai Arrow, Pasupati Arrow (from Batara Guru), Panah Naracabala, Arrow Ardhadhedhali, Keris Kiai Baruna, Keris Pulanggeni (given to Abhimanyu), Terompet Dewanata, Cupu filled with Jayengkaton oil (given by Bagawan Wilawuk from Pringcendani hermitage) and Ciptawilaha Horse with Kiai Pamuk's whip. Arjuna also has clothes that symbolize greatness, namely Kampuh or Limarsawo Cloth, Limarkatanggi Belt, Minangkara Gelung, Candrakanta Necklace and Mustika Ampal Ring (formerly belonging to KingEkalaya, the king of the Paranggelung state).[47][48]
Mayilpeeli Thookkam is a ritual art of dance performed in the temples of Kerala. It is also known asArjuna Nrithyam ('Arjuna's dance') as a tribute to his dancing abilities.[citation needed]
Arjuna is also an Archer class Servant in themobile gameFate/Grand Order. He is a minor antagonist in the "E Pluribus Unum" story chapter, where he wishes to fight Karna again.[51] Arjuna also appears as a rogue Archer servant in the gameFate/Samurai Remnant as one of servants recruitable by the protagonist Iori.
^The cousin relationship existing between Arjuna and Krishna was through Arjuna's mother, Kunti, and her brother,Vasudeva, the father of Krishna. Both parents were children of the kingShurasena.[30]
^Bhanot, T. R. (1990).The Mahabharata. New Delhi: Dreamland Publications. p. 19.ISBN9788173010453.
^Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.).India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 80.
^Davis, Richard H. (2014).The "Bhagavad Gita": A Biography. Princeton University Press. p. 10.ISBN978-0-69113-996-8.
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