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Arjona | |
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.svg) Flag .svg) Coat of arms | |
  Arjona Location of Arjona Show map of Spain Arjona Arjona (Andalusia) Show map of Andalusia Arjona Arjona (Province of Jaén (Spain)) Show map of Province of Jaén (Spain) | |
| Coordinates:37°56′6″N4°3′25″W / 37.93500°N 4.05694°W /37.93500; -4.05694 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Andalusia |
| Province | Jaén |
| Area | |
• Total | 154.45 km2 (59.63 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 458 m (1,503 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01)[1] | |
• Total | 5,376 |
| • Density | 34.81/km2 (90.15/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Urgabonense orArjonero/a |
| Website | arjona |
Arjona is a municipality in theprovince of Jaén,Andalusia, Spain. It is located 44 kilometres (27 mi) from the provincial capital,Jaén, and 77 kilometres (48 mi) from the city ofCórdoba. It has an area of 158.45 square kilometres (61.18 sq mi), and as of 2017 it had a population of 5,662.[2] It belongs to thecomarca of Campiña. Its land area is primarily agricultural, with an emphasis onolive trees. Its economy relies primarily on agriculture andolive oil production, but it is also known for its furniture and baking industries. Arjona is known as the birthplace in 1194 ofMuhammad I, founder of theEmirate of Granada.
Excavations in Arjona's central square revealed aBronze Age settlement from around 3000 BC.Phoenicians andGreeks also left their mark on the municipal territory, with the nameURGABON appearing on Greek coins.
During theRoman Era, Arjona was known asUrgavo orUrgao Alba. AfterJulius Caesar's victory at theBattle of Munda in 45 BC, Urgavo received a privileged juridical statue for its support of Caesar, as didIlliturgis, Isturgis (nowAndújar), and Obulco (nowPorcuna). Inscriptions have been found attesting to the city's importance during theRoman Empire, probably connected to the existence of temples dedicated toAugustus andPlotina, the wife ofTrajan. Arjona was one of the first places on theIberian Peninsula that was awarded theRoman citizenship (Municipium Albium Urgabonense). In 308, the execution of the brothers and Christian martyrs Saints Bonosus and Maximianus took place in Arjona.
After the 8th centuryUmayyad conquest of Hispania, Urgavo came to be known asQal'at Arjuna inArabic and was controlled by the Banu Bayila family. After the fall of theCaliphate of Córdoba in 1031, the city participated in the internal fights of thetaifa period, during which time its city walls were reinforced. Around the middle of the 12th century, Arjona was taken by theAlmohad Caliphate.
In 1195, Arjona was the birthplace ofMuhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr, also known as Ibn al-Aḥmar, who would go on to become Muhammad I, the first ruler of theEmirate of Granada and founder of theNasrid dynasty. He was born in the Alcázar, which is now the Hospital of San Miguel and was formerly known as the Casa del Rey. The Almohad Caliphate went into decline after 1212, andAl-Andalus came under control ofIbn Hud. In 1232, Muhammad started a rebellion in Arjona against Ibn Hud. Muhammad lost the rebellion, but retained Arjona and Jaén. In the following years, he gained control over several other cities, but in 1244 Arjona was taken by the Christian forces ofFerdinand III of Castile. In 1246, Muhammad agreed to surrender Jaén as well and accept Ferdinand's overlordship, creating the Emirate of Granada as atributary state and becoming its first ruler.
Under Christian rule, Arjona and Jaén were incorporated into theKingdom of Jaén, a territory of theCrown of Castile. Arjona was initially managed by theKnights Templar, which was dissolved in 1312, then by theOrder of Calatrava knights.
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