Pelias recognises young Jason by his missing sandal (fresco fromPompeii, 1st-century AD)
After the death of KingCretheus, the AeolianPelias usurped the throne from his half-brotherAeson and became king ofIolcus inThessaly (near the modern city ofVolos). Because of this unlawful act, an oracle warned him that a descendant ofAeolus would seek revenge. Pelias put to death every prominent descendant of Aeolus he could, but spared Aeson because of the pleas of their motherTyro. Instead, Pelias kept Aeson prisoner and forced him to renounce his inheritance. Aeson marriedAlcimede, who bore him a son named Jason. Pelias intended to kill the baby at once, but Alcimede summoned her kinswomen to weep over him as if he were stillborn. She faked a burial and smuggled the baby toMount Pelion. He was raised by thecentaurChiron, the trainer of heroes.
When Jason was 20 years old, an oracle ordered him to dress as aMagnesian and head to the Iolcan court. While traveling Jason lost his sandal crossing the muddy Anauros river while helping an old woman (Hera in disguise). The goddess was angry with King Pelias for killing his stepgrandmotherSidero after she had sought refuge in Hera's temple.
Another oracle warned Pelias to be on his guard against a man with one shoe. Pelias was presiding over a sacrifice toPoseidon with several neighboring kings in attendance. Among the crowd stood a tall youth in leopard skin with only one sandal. Pelias recognized that Jason was his nephew. He could not kill him because prominent kings of the Aeolian family were present. Instead, he asked Jason: "What would you do if an oracle announced that one of your fellow-citizens were destined to kill you?" Jason replied that he would send him to go and fetch theGolden Fleece, not knowing that Hera had put those words in his mouth.
Jason learned later that Pelias was being haunted by the ghost ofPhrixus. Phrixus had fled fromOrchomenus riding on a divine ram to avoid being sacrificed and took refuge inColchis where he was later denied proper burial. According to an oracle, Iolcus would never prosper unless his ghost was taken back in a ship, together with the golden ram's fleece. This fleece now hung from a tree in the grove of the Colchian Ares, guarded night and day by a dragon that never slept. Pelias swore beforeZeus that he would give up the throne at Jason's return while expecting that Jason's attempt to steal the Golden Fleece would be a fatal enterprise. However, Hera acted in Jason's favour during the perilous journey.
There is no definite list of the Argonauts. H. J. Rose explains this was because "an Argonautic ancestor was an addition to even the proudest of pedigrees."[2] The following list is collated from several lists given in ancient sources.[3][4][5][6][7]
son ofOicles andHypermnestra; *he could fit the description of Hyginus "...Thestius' daughter, an Argive." which could be interpreted as Amphiaraus, son of Oicles and Hypermnestra,Thestius' daughter and an Argive.
daughter ofSchoeneus orIasus; Atalanta is included on the list by Pseudo-Apollodorus, but Apollonius[12] claims that Jason forbade her because she was a woman and could cause strife in the otherwise all-male crew. Other sources state that she was asked, but refused.
the helmsman of Argo according toHesychius of Alexandria[17] he could be the same as the Azorus mentioned by Stephanus as founder of the city Azorus inPelagonia.[18]
sons ofPhrixus andChalciope; they joined the crew only after being rescued by the Argonauts: the four had been stranded on a desert island not far from Colchis, from where they initially sailed with an intent to reach their father's homeland.[36] However, Argus is not to be confused with the other Argus, son of Arestor orPolybus, constructor andeponym of the ship Argo and member of the crew from the beginning.[37]
daughter of Aeetes; joined when the Fleece was recovered
InPindar'sPythian Odes, the following heroes are either named or implied as part of the Argonauts: Jason, Heracles, Castor, Polydeuces, Euphemus, Periclymenus, Echion, Erytus, Orpheus, Zetes, Calais and Mopsus.
Several more names are discoverable from other sources:
Amyrus (son ofPoseidon), eponym of a Thessaliancity, is given byStephanus of Byzantium as "one of the Argonauts";[38] he is otherwise said to have been a son ofPoseidon and to have given his name to the river Amyrus.[39]
Philammon, son of Apollo was also reported one of the Argonauts.[40]
The Argonauts first stopped atLemnos where they learned that all the males had been murdered. The reason of which was as follows: for several years, the women did not honor and make offerings toAphrodite and because of her anger, she visited them with a noisome smell. Therefore, their spouses took captive women from the neighboring country ofThrace and bedded with them. Dishonored, all the Lemnian women, exceptHypsipyle, were instigated by the same goddess in conspiring to kill their fathers and husbands. They then deposed KingThoas, who should have died along with the whole tribe of men, but was secretly spared by his daughter Hypsipyle. She put Thoas on board a ship which a storm carried to the island ofTaurica.
In the meantime, the Argonauts sailing along, the guardian of the harbourIphinoe saw them and announced their coming to Hypsipyle, the new queen.Polyxo who by virtue of her middle age, gave advice that she should put them under obligation to the gods of hospitality and invite them to a friendly reception. Hypsipyle fell in love with their captain Jason. They had sons,Euneus andNebrophonus orDeipylus. The other Argonauts consorted with the Lemnian women, and their descendants were calledMinyans, since some among them had previously emigrated fromMinyan Orchomenus to Iolcus. (Later, these Minyans were driven out from the island and came toLacedaemon). The Lemnian women gave the names of the Argonauts to the children they had conceived by them. Delayed many days there, they were chided by Hercules and departed.[41]
But later, when the other women learned that Hypsipyle had spared her father, they tried to kill her. She fled from them, but pirates captured and took her toThebes where they sold her as a slave to KingLycus. (Hypsipyle reappeared years later, when theArgives marching againstThebes learned from her the way to a spring inNemea, where she served as nurse to KingLycurgus' sonOpheltes.) Her son Euneus later became king of Lemnos. In order to purify the island from blood guilt, he ordered that all Lemnian hearth-fires be put off for nine days and a new fire be brought on a ship from Apollo's altar inDelos.
After Lemnos, the Argonauts made their second stop atBear Mountain, an island of thePropontis shaped like a bear.[42] The locals, called theDoliones, were all descended fromPoseidon. Their kingCyzicus, son ofEusorus, who had just gotten married, received the Argonauts with generous hospitality and decided to have a huge party with them. During that event, the king tried to tell Jason not to go to the eastern side of the island, but he got distracted by Heracles, and forgot to tell Jason.
When they had left the king and sailed a whole day, a storm that arose in the night brought them unaware to the same island. Cyzicus, thinking they were aPelasgican army (for they were constantly harassed by these enemies) attacked them on the shore at night in mutual ignorance of each other. The Argonauts slew many, including Cyzicus, who was killed by Jason himself. On the next day, when they came near the shore and knew what they had done, the Argonauts mourned and cut off their hair. Jason gave Cyzicus a costly burial and handed over the kingdom to his sons.[43][44]
Hylas and the nymphs,Gallo-Roman mosaic (3rd century)
After the burial, the Argonauts sailed away and touched atMysia, where they left behind Heracles and Polyphemus.Hylas, son of Thiodamas, had been sent to draw water and was ravished away bynymphs on account of his beauty. However, Polyphemus heard him cry out and gave chase, believing that he was being carried off by robbers. After informing Heracles, the ship put to sea while the two searched for Hylas. Polyphemus ended up founding the cityCius in Mysia, reigning as king while Heracles returned to Argos, though accounts differ regarding Heracles' story.Herodorus' version says that Heracles did not sail at all at that time, but was instead serving as a slave at the court ofOmphale.Pherecydes' version says that he was left behind atAphetae in Thessaly, the Argo having declared with human voice that she could not bear his weight. Nevertheless,Demaratus recorded that Heracles sailed to Colchis; forDionysius even affirmed that he was the leader of the Argonauts.[45]
From Mysia, they departed to the land of theBebryces which was ruled by KingAmycus, son of Poseidon andMelie, aBithynian nymph. Being a doughty man, he compelled the strangers who came to his kingdom to contend with him in boxing and slew the vanquished. When he challenged the best man of the crew to a boxing match, Pollux fought against him and slew him with a blow on the elbow. When the Bebryces made a rush at him, the chiefs snatched up their arms and put them to flight with great slaughter.[46]
Drawing from anEtruscancista (340–330 BC) depicting the arrival of the Argonauts in the land of the Bebryces, with Pollux training at a punching bag (center) and leading to the punishment of Amycus (left); the bit of wing at top left shows how the scene would align continuously with the winged figure at right on the surface of the circular vessel
The Persecution of the Harpies (1636/1637) byRubens
Thence, they put to sea and came to land atSalmydessus in Thrace, where Phineus dwelt. The latter was said to be the son ofAgenor or ofPoseidon, and a seer who was bestowed by Apollo with the gift of prophecy. Phineus had lost the sight of both eyes because of the following reasons, (1) blinded by Zeus because he revealed the deliberations of the gods and foretold the future to men, (2) by Boreas and the Argonauts because he blinded his own two sons by Cleopatra at the instigation of their stepmother; or (3) by Poseidon, because he revealed to the children of Phrixus how they could sail from Colchis to Greece. Zeus then set over him the Harpies, who are called the hounds of Zeus. These were winged female creatures, and when a table was laid for Phineus, they flew down from the sky and snatched up most of the victuals from his lips, and what little they left stank so that nobody could touch it.
Fragments of an ivory relief (570 BC) depicting the Harpies and a male figure, likely an Argonaut (Archaeological Museum of Delphi)
When the Argonauts would have consulted him about the voyage, he said that he would advise them about it if they would free him from the punishment. So the Argonauts laid a table of viands beside him, and the Harpies with a shriek suddenly pounced down and snatched away the food. When Zetes and Calais, the sons of Boreas, saw that, they drew their swords and, having wings on head and feet, pursued them through the air. Now it was fated that the Harpies should perish by the sons of Boreas, and that the sons of Boreas should die when they could not catch up a fugitive. So the Harpies were pursued and one of them fell into the river Tigres in Peloponnese, the river that is now called Harpys after her; some call her Nicothoe, but others Aellopus. But the other, named Ocypete or, according to others, Ocythoe (but Hesiod calls her Ocypode) fled by the Propontis till she came to theEchinadian Islands, which are now called Strophades after her; for when she came to them she turned (estraphe) and being at the shore fell for very weariness with her pursuer. But Apollonius in the Argonautica says that the Harpies were pursued to the Strophades Islands and suffered no harm, having sworn an oath that they would wrong Phineus no more. Eventually, the Argonauts freed Phineus from the punishment.[47]
A rock formation off the coast ofIstanbul thought to have inspired the Symplegades myth
Being rid of the Harpies, Phineus revealed to the Argonauts the course of their voyage, and advised them about the Symplegades. These were huge rocky cliffs, which, dashed together by the force of the winds, closed the sea passage. Thick was the mist that swept over them, and loud the crash, and it was impossible for even the birds to pass between them. So he told them to let fly a dove between the rocks, and, if they saw it pass safe through, to thread the narrows with an easy mind, but if they saw it perish, then not to force a passage. When they heard that, they put to sea, and on nearing the rocks let fly a dove from the prow, and as she flew the clash of the rocks nipped off the tip of her tail. So, waiting till the rocks had recoiled, with hard rowing and the help of Hera, they passed through, the extremity of the ship's ornamented prop being shorn away right round. Henceforth the Clashing Rocks stood still; for it was fated that, so soon as a ship had made the passage, they should come to rest completely.[48]
When the Argonauts entered the sea called Euxine through the Cyanean Cliffs (i.e. Clashing Rocks of the Symplegades), they arrived among the Mariandynians. There King Lycus received them kindly, grateful because they had killed Amycus, who had often attacked him. While the Argonauts were staying with Lycus and went out to gather straw, the seer Idmon, son of Apollo, was wounded by a wild boar and died. Also, on that island Tiphys died, and Ancaeus undertook to steer the ship.[49]
By the will of Hera they were borne to the island of Dia. There theStymphalian Birds were wounding them, using their feathers as arrows. They were not able to cope with the great numbers of birds. Following Phineus' advice they seized shields and spears, and dispersed the birds by the noise, after the manner of the Curetes.[50]
The Argonauts also found shipwrecked men on the island, naked and helpless—the sons of Phrixus and Chalciope—Argus, Phrontides, Melas, and Cylindrus. These told their misfortunes to Jason, how they had suffered shipwreck and been cast there when they were hastening to go to their grandfather Athamas, and Jason welcomed and aided them. And having sailed past the Thermodon and the Caucasus, they came to the river Phasis, which is in the Colchian land. The sons of Phrixus led Jason to land and bade the Argonauts to conceal the ship. They themselves went to their mother Chalciope, Medea's sister, and made known the kindness of Jason, and why they had come. Then Chalciope told them about Medea, and brought her with her sons to Jason. When she saw Jason, Medea recognized him as the one she had loved deeply in dreams by Hera's urging, and promised him everything. They brought him to the temple.[51]
An oracle told Aeëtes, son of Helios, that he would keep his kingdom as long as the fleece which Phrixus had dedicated remained at the shrine of Ares. When the ship was brought into port, Jason repaired to Aeëtes, and setting forth the charge laid on him by Pelias invited him to give him the fleece. The other promised to give it if single-handed he yoked with adamant the brazen-footed bulls. These were two wild bulls of enormous size that he had got as a gift of Hephaestus; they had brazen feet and puffed flames from their mouths and nostrils. These creatures Aeëtes ordered him to yoke and plow, and to sow from a helmet the dragon's teeth; for he had got from Athena half of the dragon's teeth which Cadmus sowed in Thebes. These tribe of armed men should arise and slay each other. While Jason puzzled how he could yoke the bulls, Hera wished to save him because once when she had come to a river and wished to test the minds of men, she assumed an old woman's form, and asked to be carried across. He had carried her across when others who had passed over despised her. And so, since she knew that Jason could not perform the commands without help of Medea, she asked Aphrodite to inspire Medea, daughter of Aeëtes and the Oceanid Idyia, with love.
At Aphrodite's instigation, the witch conceived a passion for the man. Fearing that Jason might be destroyed by the bulls, she, keeping the thing from her father, promised to help him yoke the bulls and deliver the fleece to him. Medea also asked the hero to swear to have her become his wife and take her with him on the voyage to Greece. When Jason swore to do so, she aided him to be freed from all danger, for she gave him a drug with which she bade him anoint his shield, spear, and body when he was about to yoke the bulls; for she said that, anointed with it, for a single day he could be harmed neither by fire nor by iron. She signified to him that when the teeth were sown, armed men would spring up from the ground against him; and when he saw a knot of them he was to throw stones into their midst from a distance. When the men fought each other about that, he was taken to kill them. On hearing that, Jason anointed himself with the drug. He arrived to the grove of the temple and sought the bulls. And, even though they charged him with a flame of fire, he managed to yoke them. Then, when he had sown the teeth, armed men rose from the ground; and where he saw several together, he pelted them unseen with stones, and when they fought each other, he drew near and slew them. However, though the bulls were yoked, Aeëtes did not give Jason the fleece for he wished to burn down the Argo and kill the crew. But before he could do so, Medea brought Jason by night to the shrine. Having lulled the dragon that guarded it to sleep with her drugs, she possessed herself of the fleece. In Jason's company, she came to the Argo, and the Argonauts put to sea by night to set off to their country.[52]
Medea was attended by her brother Apsyrtus when they escaped from Colchis. When he discovered the daring deeds done by Medea, he started off in pursuit of the ship. Medea noticed her brother's ship and murdered him. Then, she cut his body limb from limb and threw the pieces into the deep. Gathering his child's limbs, Aeëtes fell behind in the pursuit; wherefore he turned back, and, having buried the rescued limbs of his child, he called the place Tomi. He sent out many of the Colchians to search for the Argo, threatening that if they did not bring Medea to him, they should suffer the punishment due to her; so they separated and pursued the search in diverse places. When the Argonauts were already sailing past the Eridanus river, Zeus, in his anger at the murder of Apsyrtus, sent a furious storm upon them which drove them out of their course. And, as they were sailing past the Apsyrtides Islands, the ship spoke, saying that the wrath of Zeus would not cease unless they journeyed to Ausonia and were purified by Circe for the murder of Apsyrtus. So when they had sailed past the Ligurian and Celtic nations and had voyaged through the Sardinian Sea, they skirted Tyrrhenia and came to Aeaea, where they supplicated Circe and were purified.
As the Argonauts sailed past theSirens, Orpheus restrained them by chanting a counter-melody. Butes alone swam off to the Sirens, but Aphrodite carried him away and settled him in Lilybaion. After the Sirens, the ship encountered Charybdis and Scylla and the Wandering Rocks, above which a great flame and smoke were seen rising. Thetis with the Nereids steered the ship safely through them at the summons of Hera.
Conjectural map (1598) of the Argonauts' voyage by the FlemishcartographerOrtelius
Having passed by the Island of Thrinacia, where are the kine of the Sun, they came to Corcyra, the island of the Phaeacians, of which Alcinous was king. But when the Colchians could not find the ship, some of them settled at the Ceraunian mountains, and some journeyed to Illyria and colonized the Apsyrtides Islands. But some came to the Phaeacians, and finding the Argo there, they demanded of Alcinous that he should give up Medea. He answered, that if she already knew Jason, he would give her to him, but that if she were still a maid he would send her away to her father. However, Arete, wife of Alcinous, anticipated matters by marrying Medea to Jason.
In some accounts, however, Absyrtus with armed guards was sent in pursuit of the Argo by his father Aeëtes. When the latter had caught up with her in the Adriatic Sea in Histria at King Alcinous' court, and would fight for her, Alcinous intervened to prevent their fighting. They took him as arbiter, and he put them off till the next day. When he seemed depressed and Arete, his wife, asked him the cause of his sadness, he said he had been made arbiter by two different states, to judge between Colchians and Argives. When Arete asked him what judgment he would give, Alcinous replied that if Medea were a virgin, he would give her to her father, but if not, to her husband. When Arete heard this from her husband, she sent word to Jason, and he lay with Medea by night in a cave. Then next day when they came to court, and Medea was found to be a wife she was given to her husband. Nevertheless, when they had left, Absyrtus, fearing his father's commands, pursued them to the island of Athena. When Jason was sacrificing there to Athena, and Absyrtus came upon him, he was killed by Jason. Medea gave him burial, and they departed. The Colchians who had come with Absyrtus, fearing Aeëtes, settled down among the Phaeacians and founded a town which from Absyrtus' name they called Absoros. Now this island is located in Histria, opposite Pola.[53]
Sailing by night, the Argonauts encountered a violent storm, and Apollo, taking his stand on the Melantian ridges, flashed lightning down, shooting a shaft into the sea. Then they perceived an island close at hand, and anchoring there they named it Anaphe, because it had loomed up (anaphanenai) unexpectedly. So they founded an altar of Radiant Apollo, and having offered sacrifice they betook them to feasting; and twelve handmaids, whom Arete had given to Medea, jested merrily with the chiefs; whence it is still customary for the women to jest at the sacrifice.
Putting to sea from there, they were hindered from touching at Crete by Talos. Some say that he was a man of the Brazen Race, others that he was given to Minos by Hephaestus; he was a brazen man, but some say that he was a bull. He had a single vein extending from his neck to his ankles, and a bronze nail was rammed home at the end of the vein. This Talos kept guard, running round the island thrice every day; wherefore, when he saw the Argo standing inshore, he pelted it as usual with stones. His death was brought about by the wiles of Medea, whether, as some say, she drove him mad by drugs, or, as others say, she promised to make him immortal and then drew out the nail, so that all the ichor gushed out and he died. But some say that Poeas shot him dead in the ankle.
After tarrying a single night there, they put in to Aigina to draw water, and a contest arose among them concerning the drawing of the water. Thence they sailed betwixt Euboea and Locris and came to Iolcus, having completed the whole voyage in four months.
Sozomen wrote that when the Argonauts left from the Aeëtes, they returned from a different route, crossed the sea ofScythia, sailed through some of the rivers there, and when they were near the shores ofItaly, they built a city in order to stay at the winter, which they calledEmona (Ancient Greek:Ἤμονα), part of modern-dayLjubljana inSlovenia. At summer, with the assistance of the locals, they dragged the Argo to the Aquilis river (Ancient Greek:Ἄκυλιν ποταμὸν), which falls into the Eridanus. The Eridanus itself falls into theAdriatic Sea.[54]
Zosimus wrote that after they left from the Aeëtes, they arrived at the mouth of theIster river which it discharges itself into theBlack Sea and they went up that river against the stream, by the help of oars and convenient gales of wind. After they managed to do it, they built the city of Emona as a memorial of their arrival there. Afterwards placing the Argo, on machines they drew it as far as the sea-side and from there they went at the Thessalian shore.[55]
Pliny the Elder wrote that some writers claim that the Argo came down some river into the Adriatic Sea, not far fromTergeste but that river is now unknown. While other writers say that the ship was carried across the Alps on men's shoulders, having passed along the Ister river, then along theSavus river, and then toNauportus which is lying between the Emona and the Alps.[56]
The Porto Ferraio on the island ofElba, was known in ancient times as the portus Argous (Ἀργῶος λιμήν), because it was believed that the Argonauts landed there on their return voyage, while sailing in quest of Circe.[57]
^Hyginus,Fabulae14, this was probably a misinterpretation of the author of a passage byValerius in hisArgonautica 1.367: "...and from the sandy shores of PellaDeucalion of the unerring javelin, andAmphion renowned in the close fight, whomHypso at one birth brought forth...", this Deucalion was also calledAsterius in earlier myths like in Apollonius of Rhodes,Argonautica 1.176: "... Asterius and Amphion, sons ofHyperasius, came from Achaean Pellene...". This makes sense that this Deucalion who was killed by Theseus was never been encountered by the hero before his exploit in Crete.
^Eustathiusad Hom. p. 329.6; Stephanus of Byzantium,Ethnica s.v.Thaumakia
^For example, the chronology of the group's encounters withMedea; Theseus is frequently depicted meeting Medea early in his adventures, yet many years after the Argonauts completed their adventure. Medea, by that time, was not only abandoned by Jason, but also bore a child from Aegeus.Roger Lancelyn Green, in hisTales of the Greek Heroes, gets round this problem by suppressing the name of the witch-wife who Theseus encountered in his early life. Alternatively, Apollonius claims that Theseus andPirithous were trapped byHades and unable join the Argonauts.(Arg. 1. 100)
^Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius,Argonautica 1.596. The Argonauts are reported to have sailed past this river by both Apollonius (1. 596) and Valerius Flaccus (2. 11)
^Freely, John (2000).The Companion Guide to Istanbul and Around the Marmara. Companion guide to Turkey. Vol. 1. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Companion Guides. p. 350.ISBN9781900639316. Retrieved2018-03-04.The Kapidağ peninsula was in antiquity known variously as Arctonoros (Bear Mountain) or Arctonissos (Bear Island). It was then indeed an island, which its early settlers linked to the mainland by bridges that could be removed when enemies appeared; in later times alluvial deposits created the isthmus that we see today.
Gaius Valerius Flaccus,Argonautica translated by Mozley, J H. Loeb Classical Library Volume 286. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928.Online version at theio.com.
Stephanus of Byzantium,Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, edited by August Meineike (1790–1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling.Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Tzetzes, John,Allegories of the Iliad translated by Goldwyn, Adam J. and Kokkini, Dimitra. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, Harvard University Press, 2015.ISBN978-0-674-96785-4
J.R. Bacon,The Voyage of the Argonauts. (London: Methuen, 1925).
Cannella, Francesca (2015). ""The Heroes of the Fabulous History and the Inventions Ennobled by Them": The Myth of the Argonauts between Visual Sources and Literaryinventio".Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography.40 (1–2):191–202.ISSN1522-7464.
Dimitris Michalopoulos and Antonis Milanos,The Evolution of the Hellenic Mercantile Marine through the Ages, The Piraeus: Institute of Hellenic Maritime History, 2014 (ISBN9786188059900)
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