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Arendal

Coordinates:58°27′39″N08°45′59″E / 58.46083°N 8.76639°E /58.46083; 8.76639
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Municipality in Agder, Norway
This article is about the municipality of Arendal. For the town/city of Arendal, seeArendal (town).
Municipality in Agder, Norway
Arendal Municipality
Arendal kommune
View of Arendal's city centre in August 2006
View of Arendal's city centre in August 2006
Agder within Norway
Agder within Norway
Arendal within Agder
Arendal within Agder
Coordinates:58°27′39″N08°45′59″E / 58.46083°N 8.76639°E /58.46083; 8.76639
CountryNorway
CountyAgder
DistrictSørlandet
Established1 Jan 1838
 • Created asFormannskapsdistrikt
Administrative centreArendal
Government
 • Mayor(2015)Robert Cornels Nordli (Ap)
Area
 • Total
270.19 km2 (104.32 sq mi)
 • Land255.14 km2 (98.51 sq mi)
 • Water15.05 km2 (5.81 sq mi)  5.6%
 • Rank#273 in Norway
Population
 (2023)
 • Total
45,891
 • Rank#24 in Norway
 • Density179.9/km2 (466/sq mi)
 • Change(10 years)
Increase +5.9%
DemonymArendalitt[1]
Official language
 • Norwegian formBokmål
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-4203[3]
WebsiteOfficial website

Arendal (Urban East Norwegian pronunciation:[ˈɑ̂ːɳɖɑːɫ]) is amunicipality inAgdercounty in southeasternNorway. Arendal belongs to theregion ofSørlandet. Theadministrative centre of the municipality is thecity of Arendal (which is also the seat ofAgder county). Some of the notable villages in Arendal includeRykene,Eydehavn,Færvik,Strengereid,Kongshavn,Kilsund,Brattekleiv, Torsbudalen,Longum,Saltrød,Staubø,Vrengen, andKolbjørnsvik. The offices ofUNEP/GRID-Arendal are also located in the city of Arendal.[4]

The 270-square-kilometre (100 sq mi) municipality is the 273rd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Arendal is the 24th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 45,891. The municipality'spopulation density is 179.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (466/sq mi) and its population has increased by 5.9% over the previous 10-year period.[5][6]

General information

[edit]
Arendal viewed from the harbour
River Nidelva in Arendal

Municipal history

[edit]

The town of Arendal was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistrikt law). On 1 January 1875, a small area with 22 inhabitants was transferred from the town to the neighboring municipality ofØstre Moland and another small area with 52 residents was transferred to the neighboring municipality ofØyestad.[7]

On 1 January 1902, the rural municipality ofBarbu (population: 6,787) was merged into the town of Arendal. In 1944, a small area ofMoland with a population of 21 inhabitants was transferred to Arendal as well. On 1 January 1992, the town was vastly expanded. The neighboring rural municipalities ofHisøy (pop: 4,026),Moland (pop: 8,148),Tromøy (pop: 4,711), andØyestad (pop: 8,679) were all merged with the town of Arendal which had a population of 12,478, bringing the total population of the new municipality of Arendal to 38,042.[7]

Origin of the name

[edit]

TheOld Norse form of the name was probablyArnardalr. The first element is thegenitive case ofǫrn which means "eagle". The last element isdalr which means "valley" or "dale", thus meaning the "valley of the eagle".[4]

A link for the name also has been theorized to theVasconic substrate hypothesis, for similarity to placenames likeVal d'Aran andArundel.[citation needed]

Coat of arms

[edit]

Thecoat of arms was granted on 7 November 1924 (based upon an older seal). Theblazon is"Per fess,Azure with a three-masted ship argent over barry wavy of sevenargent andazure". This means the arms have a bluefield (background) and thecharge is an 18th-century, three-mastedsailing ship above seven, thin, wavy stripes. The charge has atincture ofargent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The arms usually have a goldmural crown above the shield. The design was chosen as a symbol for the importance offisheries andsailing to the local economy. A ship appeared on the oldest known seal of the town, dating back to the 17th century. In the late 19th and early 20th century the arms showed theship in the upper part and a landscape with thecoat of arms of Norway in the base of theshield. The arms were designed by Miss C. Aubert who based it off a draft by Fred Barth. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms.[8][9][10]

Churches

[edit]
Trinity Church (Arendal)

TheChurch of Norway has six parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Arendal. It is part of theArendal prosti (deanery) in theDiocese of Agder og Telemark.

Churches in Arendal
Parish (sokn)Church nameLocation of the churchYear built
BarbuBarbu ChurchBarbu1880
HisøyHisøy ChurchHis1849
MolandAustre Moland ChurchBrekka1673
Flosta ChurchFlostaøya1632
Stokken ChurchSaltrød1878
TrefoldighetTrinity ChurchArendal1888
TromøyFærvik ChurchFærvik1884
Tromøy ChurchBrekkac. 1150
ØyestadBjorbekk ChurchBjorbekk1884
Engene ChurchNedenes1849
Øyestad ChurchRykenec. 1200

History

[edit]
Map of Arendal from 1897
View of Arendal in 1902

The village of Arendal was established in the middle of the 16th century, and was then calledArendall. Initially, it had no formal town status.

When the town ofChristianssand was founded by KingChristian IV in 1641, he granted the citizens a monopoly on all trade inNedenæs andLister og Mandal counties (including the area of Arendal). This grant, intended to subsidize Christianssand and its fortifications, placed existing towns in a difficult position. Both towns and the peasants in the rural countryside protested the hardships this caused. As a result, Arendal received royal permission in 1622 to continue as a loading-place for timber until a means could be found to transfer its trade to Christianssand.

The town of Arendal was givenmarket city privileges in 1723. However the peasants in the surrounding district, who by law were to sell their goods only at Arendal, were smuggling their goods out on cutters and selling them inDenmark, in theBaltic, and inGreat Britain.

This continued until 1735, when Arendal was granted a full town charter. This charter, combined with Danish imposition of a monopoly on grain imports, caused greatpoverty and starvation among the peasants in the surrounding districts, leading to several famous rebellions.

As a result of the rebellions, the age of privileges for towns like Christianssand and Arendal came to an apparent end in 1768 by royalproclamation. But the problems did not end then; a farmer,Christian Jensen Lofthuus, in nearbyVestre Moland led a rebellion in 1786 which resulted in the government actually remedying some of the most repressive trade policies, but Lofthus died in prison. The charges against Lofthus were that he dealt in grain and other commodities to the detriment to Arendal's privileges.

Shipping,shipbuilding, andtimber trade as well asmining andironworks were important branches of industry in Nedenæs county for many centuries, especially in the Arendal region. Frequent contacts with the world abroad put their mark on the local culture and traditions. In 1880, it was the country's biggest port in terms of tonnage handled. At the end of the 19th century, Arendal was recognized as a major shipping centre with many wealthy shipowners. However, this came to an end following the 1886Arendal crash, in whichAxel Nicolai Herlofson had defrauded many bank customers in the city, leading to bankruptcies and extreme unemployment.[11] At one point in the middle of the 18th century, Arendal was one of Norway's biggest mining towns. The main production consisted ofiron ore andmagnetite.

Around the turn of the twentieth century, when thousands of Norwegians sought to take advantage of the more stable economic climate of theUnited States by emigrating, many of those from Arendal took their economic traditions with them. In New York City and the surrounding areas, a great deal of Americans who claim Norwegian ancestry can trace their roots to Arendal, as a great deal of Norwegian sailors, trimmers, shipbuilders, and carpenters from Arendal settled in areas of New York such asBrooklyn,Port Richmond (Staten Island), and several industrial centers in northernNew Jersey such asJersey City,Bayonne,Perth Amboy, andElizabeth. In 1939, Arendal had the 4th largest Norwegiantanker fleet; onlyOslo,Bergen, andStavanger were larger.

During the German invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940,Arendal was captured by the German torpedo boatGreif.[12]

Today, the town has small boat manufacturing, mechanical industry, electronics industry, as well as one of the world's largestsilicon carbide refining plants.

The municipality had a prison (Arendal Prison), howeverAgder Prison opened in 2020; Arendal Prison was sold the next year.[13]

Government

[edit]

Arendal Municipality is responsible forprimary education (through 10th grade), outpatienthealth services,senior citizen services,welfare and othersocial services,zoning,economic development, and municipalroads and utilities. The municipality is governed by amunicipal council ofdirectly elected representatives. Themayor isindirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[14] The municipality is under the jurisdiction of theAgder District Court and theAgder Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

[edit]

Themunicipal council (Kommunestyre) of Arendal is made up of 39 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by politicalparty.

Arendal kommunestyre 2023–2027[15]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)13
 Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet)7
 Conservative Party(Høyre)7
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)2
 Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet)1
 Red Party(Rødt)1
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)5
 Liberal Party(Venstre)1
 Healthcare Party(Helsepartiet)1
Total number of members:39
Arendal kommunestyre 2019–2023[16]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)11
 Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet)5
 Green Party(Miljøpartiet De Grønne)1
 Conservative Party(Høyre)8
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)2
 Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet)1
 Red Party(Rødt)1
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)3
 Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party(Venstre)1
 Healthcare Party(Helsepartiet)1
 Hove List(Hovelista)2
Total number of members:39
Arendal kommunestyre 2015–2019[17]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)15
 Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet)6
 Green Party(Miljøpartiet De Grønne)1
 Conservative Party(Høyre)8
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)3
 Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet)1
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Liberal Party(Venstre)2
Total number of members:39
Arendal kommunestyre 2011–2015[18]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)9
 Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet)6
 Conservative Party(Høyre)12
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)3
 Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet)2
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party(Venstre)3
Total number of members:39
Arendal kommunestyre 2007–2011[17]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)12
 Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet)8
 Conservative Party(Høyre)6
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)4
 Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet)2
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)2
 Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party(Venstre)2
Total number of members:39
Arendal kommunestyre 2003–2007[17]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)9
 Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet)9
 Conservative Party(Høyre)7
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)4
 Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet)2
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)6
 Liberal Party(Venstre)1
Total number of members:39
Arendal kommunestyre 1999–2003[17]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)12
 Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet)7
 Conservative Party(Høyre)7
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)6
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party(Venstre)1
 Cross-party list(Tverrpolitisk liste)2
Total number of members:39
Arendal kommunestyre 1995–1999[19]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)16
 Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet)6
 Conservative Party(Høyre)10
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)6
 Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet)5
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)4
 Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party(Venstre)3
Total number of members:53
Arendal kommunestyre 1991–1995[20]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)13
 Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet)3
 Conservative Party(Høyre)10
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)4
 Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet)9
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)7
 Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)4
 Liberal Party(Venstre)3
Total number of members:53
Arendal kommunestyre 1987–1991[21]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)19
 Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet)5
 Conservative Party(Høyre)15
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)6
 Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Liberal Party(Venstre)6
Total number of members:53
Arendal kommunestyre 1983–1987[22]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)19
 Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet)2
 Conservative Party(Høyre)18
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)7
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)1
 Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Liberal Party(Venstre)4
Total number of members:53
Arendal kommunestyre 1979–1983[23]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)18
 Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet)1
 Conservative Party(Høyre)19
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)8
 Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)1
 Liberal Party(Venstre)4
 Joint list of theNew People's Party(Nye Folkepartiet) andCentre Party (Senterpartiet)2
Total number of members:53
Arendal kommunestyre 1975–1979[24]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)18
 Conservative Party(Høyre)16
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)10
 Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)1
 Liberal Party(Venstre)2
 Joint list of theNew People's Party(Nye Folkepartiet) andCentre Party (Senterpartiet)6
Total number of members:53
Arendal kommunestyre 1971–1975[25]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)23
 Conservative Party(Høyre)14
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)7
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)1
 Liberal Party(Venstre)7
 Socialist common list(Venstresosialistiske felleslister)1
Total number of members:53
Arendal kommunestyre 1967–1971[26]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)23
 Conservative Party(Høyre)14
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)6
 Socialist People's Party(Sosialistisk Folkeparti)1
 Liberal Party(Venstre)9
Total number of members:53
Arendal kommunestyre 1963–1967[27]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)25
 Conservative Party(Høyre)15
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)6
 Liberal Party(Venstre)7
Total number of members:53
Arendal bystyre 1959–1963[28]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)23
 Conservative Party(Høyre)16
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)7
 Liberal Party(Venstre)7
Total number of members:53
Arendal bystyre 1955–1959[29]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)24
 Conservative Party(Høyre)15
 Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti)1
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)7
 Liberal Party(Venstre)6
Total number of members:53
Arendal bystyre 1951–1955[30]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)22
 Conservative Party(Høyre)14
 Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti)1
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)7
 Liberal Party(Venstre)8
Total number of members:52
Arendal bystyre 1947–1951[31]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)19
 Conservative Party(Høyre)16
 Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti)3
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)6
 Liberal Party(Venstre)8
Total number of members:52
Arendal bystyre 1945–1947[32]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)24
 Conservative Party(Høyre)12
 Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti)3
 Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti)8
 Joint list of theLiberal Party(Venstre) and theRadical People's Party(Radikale Folkepartiet)5
Total number of members:52
Arendal bystyre 1937–1941*[33]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)19
 Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet)8
 Conservative Party(Høyre)19
 Liberal Party(Venstre)6
Total number of members:52
Note: Due to theGerman occupation of Norway duringWorld War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.
Arendal bystyre 1934–1937[34]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)18
 Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet)6
 Conservative Party(Høyre)19
 Nasjonal Samling Party(Nasjonal Samling)3
 Liberal Party(Venstre)6
Total number of members:52
Arendal bystyre 1931–1934[35]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)14
 Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet)7
 Conservative Party(Høyre)24
 Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti)1
 Liberal Party(Venstre)6
Total number of members:52
Arendal bystyre 1928–1931[36]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)15
 Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet)11
 Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties(Borgerlige Felleslister)26
Total number of members:52
Arendal bystyre 1925–1928[37]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)11
 Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet)12
 Social Democratic Labour Party
(Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti)
3
 Joint list of theConservative Party (Høyre) and theFree-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre)19
 Local List(s)(Lokale lister)7
Total number of members:52
Arendal bystyre 1922–1925[38]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)10
 Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet)13
 Social Democratic Labour Party
(Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti)
3
 Joint list of theConservative Party (Høyre) and theFree-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre)17
 Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties(Borgerlige Felleslister)3
 Local List(s)(Lokale lister)6
Total number of members:52
Arendal bystyre 1919–1922[39]  
Party name(in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet)10
 Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet)18
 Joint list of theConservative Party (Høyre) and theFree-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre)16
 Local List(s)(Lokale lister)8
Total number of members:52

Mayors

[edit]

Themayors (Norwegian:ordfører) of Arendal:[40]

  • 1838–1861:Morten Smith Dedekam
  • 1861–1861: Wilhelm Foss
  • 1862–1862: Johannes Westergaard
  • 1863–1870: Tollef Omholt
  • 1871–1871: Anders D. Geelmuyden
  • 1872–1878: Ole Schrøder (H)
  • 1879–1879: Peter L. Lund
  • 1880–1884: Ole Schrøder (H)
  • 1885–1886: Ove S. Andersen
  • 1887–1895: Thorvald Christian Christensen (H)
  • 1896–1898: Claus Bomhoff Evensen
  • 1899–1901:Johan Henrik Kintzell Frøstrup (H)
  • 1902–1907: Axel Smith (H)
  • 1908–1913: Hans Schrøder
  • 1914–1916: Michael Blom Bakke
  • 1917–1919: Josef Hammer
  • 1920–1924:Ove Andersen (H)
  • 1925–1925:Halvor Løvold (H)
  • 1926–1931: Oscar Lundegaard
  • 1932–1934: Nicolai B. Herlofson
  • 1935–1940: Niels Sødring Barth
  • 1941–1941: Konrad M. Havig
  • 1941–1942: Sigurd Saxlund (NS)
  • 1943–1944: Eystein Knutzon (NS)
  • 1945–1945: Carl Hansen (NS)
  • 1945–1945: Niels Sødring Barth
  • 1946–1947:Ola Solberg (Ap)
  • 1948–1967: Jens T. Thommesen (H)
  • 1968–1971: Stian W. Erichsen (V)
  • 1972–1987: Ørnulf G. Christensen (H)
  • 1988–1991: Ivar Bollmann Pedersen (Ap)
  • 1992–1995: Einar Livolden (Sp)
  • 1996–1999: Sigurd Ledaal (H)
  • 2000–2003: Alf Eivind Ljøstad (KrF)
  • 2003–2011: Torill Rolstad Larsen (Ap)
  • 2011–2015: Einar Halvorsen (H)
  • 2015–present: Robert Cornels Nordli (Ap)

Geography

[edit]

The municipality is bordered to the southwest byGrimstad, to the northwest byFroland, to the northeast byTvedestrand, and to the southeast by theSkaggerak. The lakeRore is located on the Grimstad border along with the riverNidelva.

Arendal is the geologictype locality of the mineralBabingtonite, which was first described from specimens discovered here in 1824.[41]

The coastal municipality includes several populated islands such asHisøya,Tromøya,Merdø,Flostaøya, andTverrdalsøya as well as many unpopulated or sparsely populated islands such asÆrøya. The island ofMerdø was a major export port in the 17th and 18th centuries and now has amuseum, a kiosk, and several beaches. There is regular boat service from Arendal to the island every day during the summer season.

Economy

[edit]

In 2018 the service sector had 82% of the jobs in the municipality.[42] As of 2020, part of the site forEyde Energipark, anindustrial park, has been leveled: 100maal or 100,000 sq.m. has beenleveled for the first phase of construction of abattery factory (for car batteries and ship batteries), scheduled for 2023.[43][44]

Attractions

[edit]
Lille Torungen Lighthouse
Strømsbo gård
The annualNorwegian Grand Prix forF1 Powerboat Racing is held at Arendal

Townscape

[edit]

In the middle of thetown centre of Arendal is an area with wooden houses dating back to the 17th century. This area is called Tyholmen, and is what is left of buildings from before the 19th century. The inner harbour of Arendal is called "Pollen", where the fish market, pubs, and restaurants are located.Trinity Church dominates the skyline of this area.

Arendal has grown from a traditional sleepy summer-town (with culture activities just in the summer) to a more "all year" city.[citation needed] The building of the new library and the combinedcity hall/concert house has greatly improved culture life.

Lighthouses

[edit]

TheStore Torungen Lighthouse is located on the island ofStore Torungen outside Arendal. It was constructed in 1844 and electrified in 1914. It is 34.3 metres (113 ft) high and contains a 2nd order lens. It is reachable by a 55-minute boat trip from the town centre. The lighthouse is still in use.

TheLille Torungen Lighthouse is situated on the small island ofLille Torungen outside Arendal. The lighthouse is 28.9 metres (95 ft) high. Lille Torungen and Store Torungen were constructed as twin lighthouses, and both are located in the Arendalshipping lane.

TheSandvigodden Lighthouse is also located in Arendal.

Strømsbo gård

[edit]

Strømsbo gård is a manor house on a historic farm located west of the center of Arendal. The manor dates from the 1760s. From 1804 the manor and farm were owned by members of the Herlofson family. Peter Herlofson took over the farm and gave the building its present form. In 1883, Axel Herlofsen (1845–1910) built the Strømsbo steam sawmill at the head of Strømsbubukt. Nicolai Benjamin Herlofson (1876–1945), former mayor of Arendal, was born and raised at Strømsbo.[45]

Music festivals

[edit]
  • Canal Street is Arendals yearlyjazz andblues festival during the summer. It has been arranged since 1996, at that time by the name of Arendal Jazz and Blues Festival. The popularity of the arrangement has been steadily increasing.
  • From 2007 until 2014, theHove Festival was located on the island ofTromøy just outside Arendal town. It was the largest festival scene in Norway the debut year, and it has an audience capacity of up to 25,000.

Transport

[edit]

TheEuropean route E18 highway is a major transportation route through Arendal heading toOslo in the northeast andKristiansand to the southwest. Other main roads in Arendal include theNorwegian County Road 407,Norwegian County Road 408, andNorwegian County Road 410. Thelocal railway lineArendalsbanen runs toNelaug where it connects with the mainSørlandsbanen railway line, which runs between the cities ofOslo andStavanger.

TheSetesdal Bilruter (on behalf of public transit authorityAKT) provides bus connections throughout the Arendal area, theSetesdal region includingFroland, as well as to the neighboring towns ofGrimstad,Lillesand andKristiansand, and a handful of their suburbs and outlying villages. A few more destinations can be reached with other bus operators (namelyAgder Buss,Nettbuss,Konkurrenten.no, andLavprisekspressen), including places such asRisør,Tvedestrand,Oslo, andStavanger.[46] There is also a bus connection toKristiansand Airport operated byAgder Flyekspress andNettbuss express (the latter on behalf ofFlybussen.no).[47] Ferries run between the city center and the islands ofHisøya andTromøya.[48][49] Arendal does also have an airport,Arendal Airport, Gullknapp, although it does not have any commercial airlines regularly stopping here.[50]

Healthcare

[edit]

The municipality organises general practitioner services, such as the primary doctor scheme, accident and emergency departments, physiotherapy, public health centers and school medical services, home nursing care, midwifery services and nursing homes or living arrangements for around-the-clock nursing and care. Sørlandet Hospital has a visiting location in Arendal and offers specialist health services in somatics, psychiatry and addiction treatment.

Climate

[edit]

The climate along the southern coast is temperate. Arendal has a significant amount of rainfall during the year. This is true, even for the driest month. The climate here is classified as temperate oceanic (Cfb by theKöppen-Geiger system). The all-time low is from January 1942, and the all-time high is from June 1995. The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32.0 °F)) in spring is 11 April[51] and average date for first freeze in autumn is 17 November[52] giving a frost-free season of 219 days (1981-2010 average for Torungen). The data is from Torungen, a coastal station. Only slightly further inland, the winters get colder and the summer days get warmer. With southeasterly airflow in winter, the area can get heavy snowfall,[53] which can interrupt traffic. However, the snow rarely lasts long along the coast.

Climate data for Arendal 1991-2020 (12 m, Torungen lighthouse, precipitation days 1961-90, extremes 1877-2020)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)12.2
(54.0)
15.8
(60.4)
20.5
(68.9)
20.9
(69.6)
24.6
(76.3)
29.2
(84.6)
28.7
(83.7)
29
(84)
26.4
(79.5)
20.3
(68.5)
16.3
(61.3)
13.4
(56.1)
29.2
(84.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)3.7
(38.7)
3.2
(37.8)
5.2
(41.4)
8.4
(47.1)
13.1
(55.6)
17.1
(62.8)
19.3
(66.7)
19.2
(66.6)
15.9
(60.6)
11.3
(52.3)
7.4
(45.3)
4.6
(40.3)
10.7
(51.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)1.6
(34.9)
1.1
(34.0)
2.7
(36.9)
5.8
(42.4)
10.4
(50.7)
14.2
(57.6)
16.6
(61.9)
16.6
(61.9)
13.5
(56.3)
9.2
(48.6)
5.4
(41.7)
2.6
(36.7)
8.3
(47.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−0.3
(31.5)
−0.8
(30.6)
0.6
(33.1)
3.7
(38.7)
8
(46)
11.9
(53.4)
14.3
(57.7)
14.2
(57.6)
11.4
(52.5)
7.2
(45.0)
3.6
(38.5)
0.7
(33.3)
6.2
(43.2)
Record low °C (°F)−21.6
(−6.9)
−20.9
(−5.6)
−18.1
(−0.6)
−10.2
(13.6)
−2.3
(27.9)
2.6
(36.7)
7.5
(45.5)
6.1
(43.0)
1.9
(35.4)
−6.8
(19.8)
−12
(10)
−17.4
(0.7)
−21.6
(−6.9)
Averageprecipitation mm (inches)86.5
(3.41)
60.6
(2.39)
56.5
(2.22)
48.1
(1.89)
59.5
(2.34)
68.2
(2.69)
61
(2.4)
87.9
(3.46)
88.2
(3.47)
116.9
(4.60)
113.1
(4.45)
93.2
(3.67)
939.7
(36.99)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm)10797988911121310113
Source 1: Norwegian Meteorological Institute[54]
Source 2: Meteostat 1991-2020[55]


Climate data for Arendal 1961-1990
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)1.8
(35.2)
1.4
(34.5)
3.4
(38.1)
7.7
(45.9)
13.0
(55.4)
16.8
(62.2)
19.2
(66.6)
19.0
(66.2)
15.3
(59.5)
11.0
(51.8)
6.7
(44.1)
3.8
(38.8)
9.9
(49.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)−0.4
(31.3)
−1.0
(30.2)
0.9
(33.6)
4.7
(40.5)
9.6
(49.3)
13.3
(55.9)
15.9
(60.6)
15.8
(60.4)
12.5
(54.5)
8.7
(47.7)
4.5
(40.1)
1.7
(35.1)
7.2
(45.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−2.5
(27.5)
−3.4
(25.9)
−1.6
(29.1)
1.7
(35.1)
6.3
(43.3)
9.9
(49.8)
12.6
(54.7)
12.6
(54.7)
9.8
(49.6)
6.4
(43.5)
2.3
(36.1)
−0.3
(31.5)
4.5
(40.1)
Averageprecipitation mm (inches)85
(3.3)
60
(2.4)
67
(2.6)
49
(1.9)
61
(2.4)
64
(2.5)
78
(3.1)
105
(4.1)
107
(4.2)
122
(4.8)
120
(4.7)
92
(3.6)
1,010
(39.6)
Source: Climate-Data.org[56]

International relations

[edit]
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway

Twin towns — sister cities

[edit]

Arendal hassister city agreements with the following places:[57]

CityRegionCountry
Árborg[58]IcelandSouthern Region Iceland
KalmarKalmar County Sweden
MwanzaTanzaniaMwanza Region Tanzania
PortlandMaine United States
RēzekneLatgalia Latvia
SavonlinnaSouthern Savonia Finland
SilkeborgCentral Denmark Region Denmark

In fiction

[edit]

The area around Arendal was the location for the 1997Lille Lørdag series "Min drømmeserie" starringHarald Eia andBård Tufte Johansen.The 2013 Disney filmFrozen is set in a fictional kingdom named Arendelle, which is derived from and loosely based on the city of Arendal.

Notable people

[edit]
Main category:People from Arendal
Lilly Bølviken, 1971
Hege Storhaug, 2017

Public service and public thinking

[edit]

Arts

[edit]
Karl Ove Knausgård, 2011

Sport

[edit]
Marte Olsbu, 2016

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  2. ^"Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. ^Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (9 January 2024)."Kommunenummer".Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Foreningen Store norske leksikon.
  4. ^abThorsnæs, Geir, ed. (21 June 2017)."Arendal".Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian).Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved9 December 2017.
  5. ^Statistisk sentralbyrå."Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian).
  6. ^Statistisk sentralbyrå."09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian).
  7. ^abJukvam, Dag (1999).Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen(PDF) (in Norwegian).Statistisk sentralbyrå.ISBN 9788253746845.
  8. ^"Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved10 July 2023.
  9. ^"Arendal, Aust-Agder (Norway)".Flags of the World. Retrieved10 July 2023.
  10. ^"Byvåpenet" (in Norwegian). Arendal kommune. Archived fromthe original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved9 December 2017.
  11. ^Torstveit, Johannes G. (2012). "Storsvindel bankkrakk og nytt politisk parti 1886–88".Arendals Tidende (in Norwegian). Arendal.
  12. ^Frøstrup, Johan Christian (1998).Krigsår: Arendal under okkupasjonen 1940–1945 (in Norwegian). Arendal: Friluftsforl. p. 35.ISBN 8291495068.
  13. ^"DN Nyhetsstudio". 28 September 2020.
  14. ^Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022)."kommunestyre".Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian).Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved14 October 2022.
  15. ^"Kommunestyrevalg 2023 - Agder".Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved28 January 2024.
  16. ^"Kommunestyrevalg 2019 – Agder".Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  17. ^abcd"Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.
  18. ^"Kommunestyrevalg 2011 – Aust-Agder".Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  19. ^"Kommunestyrevalget 1995"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  20. ^"Kommunestyrevalget 1991"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  21. ^"Kommunestyrevalget 1987"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  22. ^"Kommunestyrevalget 1983"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  23. ^"Kommunestyrevalget 1979"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  24. ^"Kommunevalgene 1975"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  25. ^"Kommunevalgene 1972"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  26. ^"Kommunevalgene 1967"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  27. ^"Kommunevalgene 1963"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  28. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  29. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  30. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  31. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  32. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  33. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  34. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1934"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1935. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  35. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1931"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1932. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  36. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1928"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1929. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  37. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1925"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1926. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  38. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1922"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1923. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  39. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1919"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1920. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  40. ^Scheel, Fredrik (1923).Arendal fra fortid til nutid (in Norwegian). Arendal, Norge: Gyldendalske Bokhandel.
  41. ^"Babingtonite". Mindat.org.
  42. ^"Arendal". 18 March 2022.
  43. ^https://www.nrk.no/sorlandet/legger-batterifabrikk-til-eyde-energipark-i-arendal-1.15300917 "Kommunen har allerede ferdig planert en tomt på 100 mål.Tomta kan utvides til ni ganger så stor etter behov. Byggestart er ventet om drøye to år."
  44. ^"Har valgt sted for Gjelstens giga-batterifabrikk". 22 December 2020.
  45. ^"Strømsbo gård". kulturminnesok.no. Archived fromthe original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved5 February 2016.
  46. ^"Arendalsområdet" (in Norwegian). AKT. Archived fromthe original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved9 December 2017.
  47. ^"Flybuss" (in Norwegian). AKT. Archived fromthe original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved9 December 2017.
  48. ^"Ferry Tromøy-Arendal-Hisøy". VisitNorway.com. Retrieved9 December 2017.
  49. ^"M/F Kolbjørn III – M/F Kolbjørn III". Archived fromthe original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved27 June 2013.
  50. ^"Arendal lufthavn Gullknapp" (in Norwegian). Archived fromthe original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved9 December 2017.
  51. ^"Siste frostnatt om våren". 4 May 2012.
  52. ^"Første frostnatt". 25 September 2013.
  53. ^"Sørlandet begravd i snø". 24 February 2007.
  54. ^"EKlima". Archived fromthe original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved13 March 2021.
  55. ^"Meteostat Torungen 1991-2020 (average high and low)".
  56. ^"Climate: Arendal". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved18 April 2014.
  57. ^"Vennskapsbyer" (in Norwegian). Arendal kommune. Archived fromthe original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved18 January 2009.
  58. ^"Twin municipalities Norway-Iceland" (in Norwegian). Norwegian government. Archived fromthe original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved24 April 2012.

External links

[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the1911Encyclopædia Britannica article "Arendal".
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