| Arebica | |
|---|---|
| Script type | Alphabet, based upon the Perso-Arabic script |
Period | 16th–20th century[1] |
| Languages | Serbo-Croatian |
| South Slavic languages and dialects | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Western South Slavic
| ||||||
Transitional dialects
| ||||||
Arebica (عربٖىڄا ,آرەبـٖٮڄآ[citation needed];Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic:Аребица) is a variant of thePerso-Arabic script used to write theSerbo-Croatian language.[2][3][4] It was used mainly between the 16th and 20th centuries and is frequently categorized as part ofAljamiado literature. DuringAustro-Hungarian rule, there were unsuccessful efforts byBosnian Muslims to grant Arebica equal status alongsideLatin andCyrillic alphabets.[5]
Apart from literature, Arebica was used in religious schools and administration, though in much less use than other scripts. It originated in the 16th century inOttoman Bosnia and was significantly reformed in the 20th century by the Bosnian imamMehmed Džemaludin Čaušević.[6]
Arebica was based on thePerso-Arabic script of theOttoman Empire, with added letters for/t͡s/,/ʎ/ and/ɲ/, which are not found inArabic,Persian orTurkish. Full letters were eventually introduced for all vowels (as withKurdish Arabic script), making Arebica a truealphabet, unlike its Perso-Arabic base.
Arebica was used by the Bosnian Muslims inCentral Bosnia during theOttoman rule and continued usage during theAustro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[7] During that period, they requested that Arebica be given equal status with the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, but the request wasn't granted.[5] The usage of the script, however, continued sporadically even after.[7]
The final version of Arebica was devised byMehmed Džemaludin Čaušević at the beginning of the 20th century. His version is calledReformirana arebica,Matufovica,Matufovača orMektebica.
The oldest text written in Arebica is calledChirvat-türkisi (Serbo-Croatian:Hrvatska turćija) from 1588/89, auhotred by Mehmed ofErdely.[8]
The first literary work to be published in Arebica since 1941 was the comic book "Hadži Šefko i hadži Mefko" in 2005, by authors Amir Al-Zubi and Meliha Čičak-Al-Zubi. The authors made slight modifications to Arebica. The first book in Arebica with an ISBN was "Epohe fonetske misli kod Arapa i arebica" ("The Age of Phonetic Thought of Arabs and Arebica")[9] in April 2013 in Belgrade by Aldin Mustafić, MSc. This book represents the completion of the standardization of Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević's version, and is also a textbook for higher education.
The final version of Arebica alphabet was devised at the end of the 19th century by Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević. The alphabet listed here is a new version made by Aldin Mustafić.
| Latin | Cyrillic | Arebica | IPA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contextual forms | Isolated | |||||
| Final | Medial | Initial | ||||
| A a | А а | ـا | آ | /a/ | ||
| B b | Б б | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | ب | /b/ |
| C c | Ц ц | ـڄ | ـڄـ | ڄـ | ڄ | /ts/ |
| Č č | Ч ч | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | چ | /tʃ/ |
| Ć ć | Ћ ћ |  |  |  |  [b] | /t͡ɕ/ |
| D d | Д д | ـد | د | /d/ | ||
| Dž dž | Џ џ | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | ج[c] | /dʒ/ |
| Đ đ | Ђ ђ |  |  |  |  | /d͡ʑ/ |
| E e | Е е | ـە | ە | /e/ | ||
| F f | Ф ф | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | ف | /f/ |
| G g | Г г | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | غ | /g/ |
| H h | Х х | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | ح | /x/ |
| I i | И и | ـاٖى ـى | ـاٖٮـ ـىـ | اٖٮـٮـ | اٖى[a]ى | /i/ |
| J j | Ј ј | ـي | ـيـ | يـ | ي | /j/ |
| K k | К к | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | ق | /k/ |
| L l | Л л | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | ل | /l/ |
| Lj lj | Љ љ | ـڵ | ـڵـ | ڵـ | ڵ | /ʎ/ |
| M m | М м | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | م | /m/ |
| N n | Н н | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | ن | /n/ |
| Nj nj | Њ њ | ـںٛ | ـٮٛـ | ٮٛـ | ںٛ[b] | /ɲ/ |
| O o | О о | ـۉ | ۉ | /o/ | ||
| P p | П п | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | پ | /p/ |
| R r | Р р | ـر | ر | /r/ | ||
| S s | С с | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | س | /s/ |
| Š š | Ш ш | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | ش | /ʃ/ |
| T t | Т т | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | ت | /t/ |
| U u | У у | ـۆ | ۆ | /u/ | ||
| V v | В в | ـو | و | /v/ | ||
| Z z | З з | ـز | ز | /z/ | ||
| Ž ž | Ж ж | ـژ | ژ | /ʒ/ | ||
Notes
andںٛ for Ć ć/Ћ ћ and Nj nj/Њ њ . for Đ đ/Ђ ђ and "ک" instead of "ق" for k/к.Like the standardArabic alphabet, whenا connects to eitherل orڵ a special ligature is used instead.
| Latin | Cyrillic | Arebica | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contextual forms | Isolated | ||||
| Final | Medial | Initial | |||
| la | ла | ـلا | لا | ||
| lja | ља | ـڵا | ڵا | ||
Prior to standardization, the most widespread Arebica conventions were based on Ottoman Turkish conventions, and similar to contemporaryaljamiado conventions adopted for Albanian and Greek. Vowels are often written usingmatres lectionis, with the exception of /e/, which is only represented word-finally, as⟨ە⟩. /o/ and /u/ are not distinguished. /ɲ/, /ʎ/ and /ts/ were not distinguished from /n/, /l/ and /tʃ/, respectively spelt as⟨ل⟩,⟨ن⟩ and⟨چ⟩. Palatal affricates /tɕ/ and /dʑ/ are both typically spelt as⟨ك⟩, due to the Persian letter⟨گ⟩ not having been widely adopted yet, while velar stops /k/ and /g/ are represented with⟨ق⟩ and⟨غ⟩.[10]
| Serbo-Croatian (Arebica):[11] | سوا ڵۆدسقا باٖىڃا راݗايۆ سە سلۉبۉدنا اٖى يەدناقا ۆ دۉستۉيانستوۆ اٖى پراواٖىما. ۉنا سۆ ۉبدارەنا رازۆمۉم اٖى سواٖىيەشڃۆ اٖى ترەبا دا يەدنۉ پرەما درۆغۉمە پۉستۆپايۆ ۆ دۆحۆ براتستوا. |
| Serbo-Croatian (Latin): | Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sviješću i treba da jedno prema drugome postupaju u duhu bratstva. |
| Serbo-Croatian (Cyrillic): | Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и свијешћу и треба да једно према другоме поступају у духу братства. |
| English: | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
| Serbo-Croatian (Arebica): | تەهەران يە غلاونی ای نايوەڃی غراد ایرانا، سيەدیشتە تەهەرانسقە پۉقرايینە ای يەدان ۉد نايوەڃیح غرادۉوا سویيەتا. | |
| Serbo-Croatian (Latin): | Teheran je glavni i najveći grad Irana, sjedište Teheranske pokrajine i jedan od najvećih gradova svijeta. | |
| Serbo-Croatian (Cyrillic): | Техеран је главни и највећи град Ирана, сједиште Техеранске покрајине и један од највећих градова свијета. | |
| English: | Tehran is the capital and largest city of Iran, capital of Tehran Province and one of the largest cities in the world. |
