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| Arebhashe | |
|---|---|
| ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Sullia,Kodagu,Kasaragod |
| Ethnicity | Arebhashe Gowda |
Dravidian
| |
| Kannada script | |
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | Karnataka Arebhashe Samskruthi mathu Sahitya Academy |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | areb1239 |
Arebhashe (Kannada:ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ,Arebhāṣe) or Aregannada or Gowda Kannada is a dialect ofKannada mainly by Gowda communities in the regionMadikeri,Somwarpet, andKushalnagar taluks ofKodagu district,(Coorg),Sullia andPuttur taluks ofDakshina Kannada district, As well asBandadka,Kasaragod District in the Indian state ofKerala.Arebhashe is also called Gowda Kannada.[1][2] The language was recognized by the Karnataka State government and formed an academy in 2011 to preserve the culture and literature of the Arebhahse Region which is named asKarnataka Arebhashe Samskruthi mathu Sahitya Academy supported by then Chief MinisterD. V. Sadananda Gowda.[3][4][5][6]
Arebhashe has a history of approximately 500 years.[citation needed] According to linguistic scientists, it is very close to theBadaga language in the Dravidian language.[1] There was a time when[7]Vokkaliga Gowda came from Iguru and started living inDakshina Kannada andKodagu district, alsoKasaragod District ofKerala State.[citation needed] They migrated toCoorg (Kodagu) fromMangalore-Udupi (Dakshina Kannada-Udupi) region, to settle among the CanareseTulu speaking people.[8] And different communities in this region speak Arebhashe as a communication language.[9][10]
Arebhashe-speaking people in Sulya Taluk are bilingual withTulu.[citation needed]
Arebhashe is mainly concentrated in the state of Karnataka. There are more than five hundred thousand people speaking Arebhashe in Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu districts in Karnataka and Kasaragod in Kerala are the districts where Arebhashe speaking people live for centuries.[citation needed] They are now spread all over India, especially in metropolitan cities of Mumbai, Bengaluru, and other industrial and business centers.[citation needed] Arebhashigas are also in large numbers in countries like the United States of America, the United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, GCC countries and other places outside India.[11][12]
The accepted word order of Arebhashe isSOV (subject-object-verb), same as of Kannada languages.[13] This language has less breathy letters.[14] This is one of the specialties of the Dravidian Language. There is a very close connection toKundagannada andHavigannada dialect. The gender distinction in Arebhashe is as similar to Brahui, a member of the North Dravidian linguistic system. There is no female gender distinction and no difference in the plural masculine, neuter gender.[15] Arebhashe is different from the Kannada language and has difficult to understand accent and words because of its special vowels and colloquialism.[16][17] Arebhashe is also influenced and got words from Southwestern languages such as Tulu and Malayalam.
The study of sounds in speech is known asphonology. The Arebhashe has 22 consonants and 13 vowels.[clarification needed] There are no breathy letters in Arebhashe like Kannada language.[13]
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i (ಇ) | iː (ಈ) | u (ಉ) | uː (ಊ) |
| Mid | e (ಎ) | eː (ಏ) | o (ಒ) | oː (ಓ) |
| Open | ɐ (ಅ) | aː (ಆ) | ||
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m (ಮ) | n (ನ) | ɳ (ಣ) | ɲ (ಞ) | ŋ (ಙ) | ||
| Stop/ Affricate | voiceless | p (ಪ) | t̪ (ತ) | ʈ (ಟ) | tʃ (ಚ) | k (ಕ) | |
| voiced | b (ಬ) | d̪ (ದ) | ɖ (ಡ) | dʒ (ಜ) | ɡ (ಗ) | ||
| Fricative | s (ಸ) | h (ಹ) | |||||
| Approximant | ʋ (ವ) | l (ಲ) | ɭ (ಳ) | j (ಯ) | |||
| Trill | r (ರ) | ||||||
| English | Kannada | Arebhashe[18] |
|---|---|---|
| I | Nānu (ನಾನು) | Nā (ನಾನು / ನಾ) |
| We | Nāvu (ನಾವು) | Nāv (ನಾವ್/ನಾವು) |
| You (Singular) | Nīnu (ನೀನು) | Nī (ನೀ) |
| You (Plural) | Nīvu (ನೀವು) | Nīv (ನೀವ್/ನೀವು) |
| He | Avanu (ಅವನು) | Ava (ಅಂವ) |
| She | Avalu (ಅವಳು) | Avlu (ಅವ್ಳ್) |
| It | Adu (ಅದು) | Adh(ಅದ್) |
| They (Neutral) | Avaru (ಅವರು) | Avu (ಅವ್) |
Arebhashe has eight cases:[19] Because the traditional study of Arebhashe grammar is based onKannada grammar and in turn, Kannada grammar is based onSanskrit grammar, a fifth case (since the dative case is the fourth case and the genitive case is the sixth in the traditional order of the cases) is sometimes considered: theablative case(ಅಪಾದಾನವಿಭಕ್ತಿ). This case is formed periphrastically by combining thegenitive case of the noun supposedly in the ablative with the instrumental-case form of the noun 'ದೆಸೆ', meaning 'cause, vicinity, place, point'. Thus the Kannadaablative literally translates to 'from/by the cause/point of the {noun}'. However, this 'ablative' form is not commonly used colloquially, and exists only for propriety—it is not a true case, serving only to provide a parallel to the Sanskrit ablative.[20] In its place, the third case, the instrumental-ablative case, is normally used.
Thenominative is unmarked in Arebhashe. The Accusative-Genitive and Instrumental-Ablative arehomophonous pairs in Arebhashe, while in Kannada, only the latter pair is met with. The Locative marker occurs only in inanimate nouns. in Arebhashe, but in Kannada, it occurs inanimate nouns also. However, inanimate nouns in Kannada, when necessary, the Locative sense is expressed by Postpositions. The distinction between theAccusative andGenitive is sometimes determined in -a endinginanimate nouns, by the kind of Inflexional increments with which they occur. e.g. mara-n-a kaɖi ಮರ-ನ-ಕಡಿ 'cut the tree' (Acc), mara-d-a gellɨ ಮರ-ದ-ಅ-ಗೆಲ್ಲ್ 'branch of the tree'. Such instances are rare in number and moreover, -n- is sometimes used in both functions. e.g. mara-n-a gellɨ mara-d-a gellɨ 'branch of the tree', mara-n-a kad̪i ಮರ-ನ-ಅ-ಕಡಿ 'cut the tree'. This variation, perhaps be explained through old Kannada examples, where we come across a few words of the inanimate class taking the same ending as the animate class. e.g. mara-n-a ಮರ-ನ-ಅ 'of the tree', koɭan-a ಕೊಲನ-ಅ 'of the lake', polan-a ಪೊಲನ-ಅ 'of the field' etc. -n occurring before the case marker, perhaps indicates the Singular number, since, these are the concrete objects and therefore countable. Abstract nouns, or the objects which occur in a group or mass, are treated with -m ending. e.g. guɳam ಗುಣಂ 'good character' (Nom), and such nouns will have -d- as Inflexional increment before case markers other than the Dative. e.g. guna-d-a ಗುಣ-ದ-ಅ of the good character', ku:ʈa-d-a ಕೂಟ-ದ-ಅ 'of the gathering', ru:pa-d-a ರೂಪ-ದ-ಅ 'of the beauty. Though this irregularity in pattern was levelled in middle and modern Kannada Arebhashe, seems to have retained the old pattern in having the variation regarding the Inflexional Increments, referred to above.[5]
| Case | 'Standard Kannada' Case-termination | Arebhashe Case |
| nominative case ಪ್ರಥಮಾ(ಕರ್ತೃವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-kartr̥vibhakti) | ಉ | maravu(ಮರವು) | Ø |
| accusative case ದ್ವಿತೀಯಾ(ಕರ್ಮವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-karmavibhakti) | ಅನ್ನು | maravannu(ಮರವನ್ನು) | ನ | mara-na(ಮರನ) |
| instrumental case ತೃತೀಯಾ(ಕರಣವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-karaṇavibhakti) | ಇಂದ | mara-dinda(ಮರದಿಂದ) | ನ್ದ | mara-nda(ಮರಂದ) |
| dative case ಚತುರ್ಥೀ(ಸಂಪ್ರದಾನವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-sampradānavibhakti) | ಇಗೆ/ಇಕ್ಕೆ | mara-kke(ಮರಕ್ಕೆ) | ಕೆ/ಗೆ - ke/ge/nge | mara-ke(ಮರಕೆ) |
| ablative case ಪಂಚಮೀ(ಅಪಾದಾನವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-apādānavibhakti) | ದೆಸೆಯಿಂದ | marada-deseyinda(ಮರದ ದೆಸೆಯಿಂದ) | ನ್ದ | mara-nda(ಮರಂದ) |
| genitive case ಷಷ್ಠೀ(ಸಂಬಂಧವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-saṃbandhavibhakti) | ಅ | mara-da(ಮರದ) | ಅ | mara-na/a(ಮರನ/ಮರ) |
| locative case ಸಪ್ತಮೀ(ಅಧಿಕರಣವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-adhikaraṇavibhakti) | ಅಲ್ಲಿ | marada-alli(ಮರದಲ್ಲಿ) | ಲಿ | mara-li(ಮರಲಿ) |
| vocative case ಸಂಭೋದನಾ(ಸಂಬೋಧನಾವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-saṃbōdhanāvibhakti) | ಏ | mara-vē(ಮರವೇ) | ಏ | mara-vē(ಮರವೇ) |
{-nda}-da nda
{ ɲge } /-ke /-ɲge /-ge
Arebhashe has all kind of literature like Epics, Novels, Drama, Dictionaries, Poem, riddles, adverbs and rich oral literature.[21]
The oral traditions of Arebhashe is one of the major traditions that show the finer aspects of the language. The following are various forms of Arebhashe oral tradition and literature.
Yakshagana is a traditional theater, developed inDakshina Kannada,Udupi,Uttara Kannada,Shimoga and western parts ofChikmagalur districts, in the state ofKarnataka and inKasaragod district in Kerala that combines dance, music, dialogue, costume, make-up, and stage techniques with a unique style and form.[35]Theatre in the form of the traditionalYakshagana, Yakshagana Tāḷamaddaḷe and Drama prevalent in Arebhashe speaking region has greatly preserved the finer aspects of the Arebhashe language. Yakshagana which is conducted in Arebhashe is very popular among the Arebhashe People, they often perform it in summer.[36]
Tala-Maddale is an ancient form of performance dialogue or debate performance in this Arebhashe Region. The plot and content of the conversation are drawn from popular mythology but the performance mainly consists of an impromptu debate between characters involving sarcasm, puns, philosophy positions, and humor. The main plot is sung from the same oral texts used for the Yakshagana form of dance- drama. Performers claim that this was a more intellectual rendition of the dance during the monsoon season.[37]
Arebhashe plays are among the major entertainment for admirers of art and culture in the Arebhashe Region. Which generally centered on particular theme or comic genre or issue related.[38][39]
Arebhashe as a language continues to thrive in Sullia, Kodagu in Karnataka and part of Kasaragod in Kerala.Karnataka Arebhashe Samskruthi mathu Sahitya Academy, an institute established by the State Government of Karnataka in 2011. The academy focuses on the retrieval and Propagation of Arebhashe Language and Culture in part of Karnataka and part of Kerala through various activities such as creating glossary, translation, and archival work to preserve and develop the language and culture of the Arebhashe. The academy is also working on a documentary collection for veteran personalities of this region, Digitalization of Arebhashe Books,[16][40] including a seminar on youth literature, a drama camp, art camp among the Arebhashe people etc.[41] The academy is based in Madikeri.
Number of colleges have Arebhahse Language units and conducting various activities.[42][43][44][45]
State Government of Karnataka announced in the year 2022-23 for a research centre for "Arebhashe" in Mangaluru University.[46][47]
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