| Arcus senilis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | corneal arcus, arcus adiposus, arcus juvenilis, arcus lipoides corneae, arcus cornealis |
 | |
| Arcus deposits tend to start at 6 o'clock (arcus juvenilis) or 12 o'clock (arcus senilis) and progress until becoming completely circumferential. The thin clear section separating the arcus from the limbus is known as the clear interval of Vogt. | |
| Specialty | Ophthalmology  |
| Symptoms | Opaque ring in the peripheral cornea |
| Causes | Normal aging, Hyperlipidemia |
| Differential diagnosis | Limbus sign, limbal ring |
| Treatment | None |
| Prognosis | Benign condition in elderly, associated with cardiovascular disease for <50 yrs old |
Arcus senilis (AS), also known asgerontoxon,arcus lipoides,arcus corneae,corneal arcus,arcus adiposus, orarcus cornealis, are rings in the peripheralcornea. It is usually caused by cholesterol deposits, so it may be a sign of high cholesterol. It is the most common peripheralcorneal opacity, and is usually found in the elderly where it is considered a benign condition. When AS is found in patients less than 50 years old it is termedarcus juvenilis. The finding of arcus juvenilis in combination withhyperlipidemia in younger men represents an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
AS is caused by leakage oflipoproteins from limbal capillaries into the corneal stroma. Deposits have been found to consist mostly oflow-density lipoprotein (LDL). Deposition of lipids into the cornea begins at the superior and inferior aspects, and progresses to encircle the entire peripheral cornea. The interior border of AS has a diffuse appearance, while the exterior border is well demarcated. The clear space between the exterior border and thelimbus is called the interval of Vogt.[1]
Bilateral AS is a benign finding in the elderly, but it can be associated with hyperlipidemia in patients less than 50 years old. Bilateral AS may also be caused by increased levels offree fatty acids in the circulation secondary to alcohol use.[2]
Unilateral AS can be associated with contralateralcarotid artery stenosis or decreasedintraocular pressure in the affected eye. As these are serious medical conditions, unilateral AS should be examined by a physician.[3]
AS is usually diagnosed through visual inspection by anophthalmologist oroptometrist using aslit lamp.[4]
Several conditions can have a similar color and appearance.
Other conditions with similar appearance, but differing in color arelimbal ring, andKayser–Fleischer ring.[citation needed]
In the elderly, arcus senilis is a benign condition that does not require treatment. The presence of an arcus senilis in males under the age of 50 may represent a risk factor for cardiovascular disease,[6] and these individuals should be screened for an underlying lipid disorder. The opaque ring in the cornea does not resolve with treatment of a causative disease process, and can create cosmetic concerns.[6]
In men, AS is increasingly found starting at age 40, and is present in nearly 100% of men over the age of 80. For women, onset of AS begins at age 50 and is present in nearly all females by age 90.[1]
AS is not an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, as demonstrated by a prospective cohort study of 12,745 Danes aged 20-93 followed up for an average of 22 years.[7]
The presence of AS in men less than 50 years old(arcus juvenilis) in combination with an underlying condition causinghyperlipidemia has been shown to significantly increase therelative risk of mortality fromcardiovascular disease andcoronary artery disease, as demonstrated by a study following 6,069 Americans aged 30-69 for an average of 8.4 years.[8]
The presence of AS in men less than 50 years old (arcus juvenilis) in conjunction withxanthomas on the achilles tendon has been linked to the presence ofatherosclerosis in the coronary arteries and aorta by computed tomography.[9]