| Arctoidea | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Suborder: | Caniformia |
| Clade: | Canoidea |
| Infraorder: | Arctoidea Flower, 1869 |
| Subclades | |
Arctoidea is aninfraorder of mostlycarnivorousmammals which include the extinctHemicyonidae (dog-bears), and the extantMusteloidea (weasels, raccoons, skunks, red pandas),Pinnipedia (seals, sea lions), andUrsidae (bears), found in all continents from theEocene,46 million years ago, to the present.[2] The oldest group of theclade is the bears, as theirCMAH gene is still intact. The gene became non-functional in the common ancestor of the Mustelida (the musteloids and pinnipeds).[3] Arctoids arecaniforms, along with dogs (canids) and extinctbear dogs (Amphicyonidae).The earliest caniforms were superficially similar tomartens, which are tree-dwellingmustelids.Together withfeliforms, caniforms compose the orderCarnivora; sometimes Arctoidea can be considered a separate suborder from Caniformia and a sister taxon to Feliformia.
Arctoidea was named by Flower (1869). It was reranked as the unranked clade Arctoidea by Hunt (2001), Hunt (2002) and Hunt (2002); it was reranked as the infraorder Arctoidea by Koretsky (2001), Zhai et al. (2003) and Labs Hochstein (2007). It was assigned toCarnivora by Flower (1883), Barnes (1987), Barnes (1988), Carroll (1988), Barnes (1989), Barnes (1992), Hunt (2001), Hunt (2002) and Hunt (2002); and to Caniformia by Tedford (1976), Bryant (1991), Wang and Tedford (1992), Tedford et al. (1994), Koretsky (2001), Zhai et al. (2003), Wang et al. (2005), Owen (2006), Peigné et al. (2006) and Labs Hochstein (2007).[4][5][6]
Thecladogram is based onmolecular phylogeny of six genes in Flynn (2005),[7] with the musteloids updated following the multigene analysis of Law et al. (2018).[8]
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