Architectural sculpture is the use ofsculptural techniques by anarchitect and/orsculptor in the design of a building,bridge,mausoleum or other such project. The sculpture is usually integrated with the structure, but freestanding works that are part of the original design are also considered to be architectural sculpture. The concept overlaps with, or is a subset of,monumental sculpture.
It has also been defined as "an integral part of a building or sculpture created especially to decorate or embellish an architectural structure."[1]
Architectural sculpture has been employed by builders throughout history, and in virtually every continent on earth save pre-colonial Australia.
Modern understanding of ancient Egyptian architecture is based mainly on the religious monuments that have survived since antiquity, which are carved stone withpost and lintel construction. These religious monuments dedicated to the gods orpharaohs were designed with a great deal of architectural sculpture inside and out: engaged statues, carved columns and pillars, and wall surfaces carved with bas-reliefs. The classic examples of Egyptian colossal monuments (theGreat Sphinx of Giza, theAbu Simbel temples, theKarnak Temple Complex, etc.) represent thoroughly integrated combinations of architecture and sculpture.
Obelisks, elaborately carved from a single block of stone, were usually placed in pairs to flank the entrances to temples and pyramids.
Reliefs are also common in Egyptian building, depicting scenes of everyday life and often accompanied byhieroglyphics.
TheFertile Crescent architectural sculptural tradition began whenAshurnasirpal II moved his capitol to the city ofNimrud around 879 BCE. This site was located near a major deposit of gypsum (alabaster). This fairly easy to cut stone could be quarried in large blocks that allowed them to be easily carved for the palaces that were built there. The early style developed out of an already flourishing mural tradition by creating drawings that were then carved in low relief.[2] Another contributing factor in the development of architectural sculpture were the small carved seals that had been made in the area for centuries.
The most significant Greek introduction, well before the Classical period, waspedimental sculpture, fitting in the long, low triangle formed by thepediment above theportico ofGreek temples. This remained a feature of later Greek andRoman temples and was revived in theRenaissance, with many new examples, by then mostly on large public buildings, created in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Classical Greek architecture, like the prototypicalParthenon, incorporate architectural sculpture in a fairly narrow set of standard, formal building elements. The names of these elements still comprise the usual vocabulary for discussion: thepediment,metope,frieze,caryatid,quadriga,acroteria, etc.
Greek examples of architectural sculpture are distinguished not only by their age but their very high quality and skilful technique, with rhythmic and dynamic modelling, figural compositions in friezes that continue seamlessly over vertical joints from one block of stone to the next, and mastery of depth and legibility.
The known Greek and Roman examples have been exhaustively studied, and frequently copied or adapted into subsequent neoclassical styles:Greek Revival architecture (usually the most strict),Neoclassical architecture,Beaux-Arts architecture with its exaggerated and romantic free interpretations of the vocabulary, and evenStalinist architecture like theCentral Moscow Hippodrome adapted to a totalitarian aesthetic. These re-interpretations are sometimes dubious; for instance, there are many modern copies of theMausoleum of Halicarnassus, like theNational Diet Building in Tokyo, despite the fact that all classical descriptions of the Mausoleum are vague.
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Not until about 1870 did the U.S. develop the talent, the economic power, and the taste for buildings grand enough to need architectural sculpture. ThePhiladelphia City Hall, constructed 1871 through 1901, is recognized as the turning point,[3] because of the approximately 250 sculptures planned for the building, the largefinial ofWilliam Penn, and the practical effect ofAlexander Milne Calder training many assistants there.
In the same years,H.H. Richardson began to develop his influential signature genre, which included romantic, medieval, and Romanesque stone carving.Richard Morris Hunt became the first to bring the Parisian neo-classicalÉcole des Beaux-Arts style back to the United States, a style that depended on integrated figural sculpture and a highly ornamented building fabric for its aesthetic effect. The Beaux-Arts style dominated for major public buildings between the 1893World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, through about 1912, the year of theSan Francisco City Hall. The need for sculptors saw the emergence of a small industry of carvers and modelers, and a professional organization, theNational Sculpture Society.
The advent of steel frames and reinforced concrete encouraged, at first, more diverse building styles into the 1910s and 1920s. The diversity of skyscraper Gothic, exotic "revivals" of Mayan and Egyptian,Stripped Classicism,Art Deco, etc. called for a similar diversity of sculptural approaches. The use of sculpture was still expected, particularly for public buildings such as war memorials and museums. In 1926 the pre-eminent American architectural sculptor,Lee Lawrie, with his longtime friend and collaborator architectBertram Goodhue, developed perhaps the most sophisticated American examples at theNebraska State Capitol and theLos Angeles Public Library.
Goodhue's premature death ended that collaboration. TheDepression, and the onset of World War II, decimated building activity. The old building trades disbanded. By the postwar years the aesthetic of architectural modernism had taken hold. Except for a few diehards and regional sculptors, the profession was not only dead but discredited. As of the 2010s there are isolated signs of a revival of interest, for instance in the career ofRaymond Kaskey and the Persist statue inSacramento, California.[4]
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