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The firstconquistador to set foot in the region of present-day Arauca wasNikolaus Federmann in 1539. He was a soldier in the company ofGeorg von Speyer, who passed through the south of present-day Venezuela and the eastern part of what is today known as Colombia. In 1659, the Catholic missions were establishing new settlements in tribal Guahibo, U'wa, Aeric and Chirico tribal lands.
In the eighteenth century, being expelled from the Jesuits under ViceroyPedro Mesia de la Zerda, the Augustinian Recollect succeeded in their mission of evangelization. They founded five centers of the catechism: Solitude of Cravo, Cuiloto San Javier, San Jose del Ele, Lipa San Joaquin and San Fernando de Arauca.
In 1810, the Araucanian territory became part of the newly created province of Casanare and in 1819 Arauca was incorporated into the province ofCundinamarca. By 1857, Arauca was made part of the Sovereign State of Boyacá, that later became the Boyacá department. In 1891, the Arauca police station was established with chief executive Pedro León Acosta. By decree 113 of January 20, 1955, the territory was elevated to the national quartermaster, and finally, with the Constitution of July 5, 1991, Arauca became a department. Arauca is the regional capital since 1911.
The department's total indigenous population amounts to 3591 people. Across the department 26resguardos are located in an area of 128,167 hectares (316,710 acres). Six indigenous groups populate this region;U'wa with 1,124 members;Betoye at 800,Sikuani number 782, 441Hitnü are registered,Kuiba count up to 241,Hitanü are listed at 110, theChiricoa amount to 63 and thirtyPiapoco are registered in Arauca. The predominant ethnic group in the department are the U'wa. They are located in the northeastern foothills of theEastern Ranges of the ColombianAndes, until theSierra Nevada del Cocuy inBoyacá. Its total population is estimated at 7231 people, belong to theChibcha language family. U'wa means "intelligent people who can speak".
The Betoye with 800 members constitutes the second-largest ethnic group in the department. They inhabit the banks of theCravo Norte River and the municipality of Tame. The area of its territory is 702 hectares (1,730 acres). Their language is considered part of the Chibcha language family.[citation needed] Although not retaining their original language, the people speak a mixture of Betoye with Spanish. Certain grammatical structures of the Betoye language persist in this mixture.[citation needed]
The main economical activity of Arauca is centered around the oil industry, with theCaño Limón oilfields as the most important source. The soils of the region have shown good conditions for growingcacao,bananas,cassava,rice,corn and fruit trees, as well as industrial crops such asAfrican palmtree,sorghum, soybeans and sesame. Livestock farming is another important factor of the department's economy.
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