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TheArabic Infancy Gospel is aNew Testament apocryphal writing concerning the infancy of Jesus. It may have been compiled as early as the sixth century, and was partly based on theInfancy Gospel of Thomas, theGospel of James, and theGospel of Pseudo-Matthew, though much of it is also based on oral tradition. The only two surviving manuscripts date from 1299 AD and the 15th/16th century in Arabic.[2][3] They were copied in the area of northern Iraq and show influence from theQuran.[4][5]
The Arabic Infancy Gospel is related to an olderEast Syriac work titled theHistory of the Virgin, as it is either an Arabic translation of it[6] or both of them are derived from a common source that might be identified as aSyriac language Infancy Gospel dating to the sixth century or earlier.[7] Both versions feature scenes of the baby Jesus working miracles in common settings. In both texts, Mary helps to bring about the circumstances from which these miracles take place in.[8]
It consists of three parts:
It contains a number of embellishments on the earlier text, however, including adiaper (of Jesus) that heals people, sweat (of Jesus) that turns into balm, curing leprosy, and dyeing cloth varied colours using onlyindigo dye. It also claims earlier encounters for Jesus withJudas Iscariot, and with the thieves with whom he is later crucified, as well as being one of the earliest documents.
The Gospel is thought to have originated fromSyriac language version created perhaps in the fifth or sixth century.[9] It became known to later European readers by way of an Arabic version published by Henry Sike in 1697 together with a Latin translation.[10] The earliest known mention of the Gospel was byIsho'dad of Merv, a ninth-century Syrianchurch father, in his biblical commentary concerning theGospel of Matthew. The narrative of the Arabic Infancy Gospel, particularly the second part concerning the miracles in Egypt, can also be found in theQuran. Some critical scholarship claim its presence in the Qu'ran may be due to the influence the Gospel had among the Arabs. It is not known for certain that the Gospel was present in theHejaz, but it can be seen as likely.[11] However, according to Islamic scholars the Gospel was translated into Arabic in the post-Islamic period due to the difficulty that 16th centuryEuropeans would have in translating early Arabic'sdefective script into Latin as well as the extreme rarity of written texts inPre-Islamic Arabia.[12] Most recent research in the field ofIslamic studies by Sydney Griffith et al. (2013), David D. Grafton (2014), Clair Wilde (2014) & ML Hjälm et al. (2016 & 2017) assert that "all one can say about the possibility of a pre-Islamic, Christian version of the Gospel in Arabic is that no sure sign of its actual existence has yet emerged."[13][14][15][16][17] Additionally ML Hjälm in her most recent research (2017) inserts that "manuscripts containing translations of the gospels are encountered no earlier than the year 873".[18] However, according to scholars such as Gabriel S. Reynolds, it doesn't necessarily mean that the transmissions have to come from written sources, but rather from Jewish and Christian sources that circulated orally in late antique near east.[19]
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Historians working inQuranic studies have discussed a parallel between the Arabic Infancy Gospel and theQuran (Surah 19:29–34) where Jesus speaks from the cradle, though the question of priority between the two is unresolved.
Arabic Infancy Gospel 2: "He has said that Jesus spoke, and, indeed, when He was lying in His cradle said to Mary His mother: I am Jesus, the Son of God, the Logos, whom thou hast brought forth, as the Angel Gabriel announced to thee; and my Father has sent me for the salvation of the world."[20]
Surah 19:29–34: "But she pointed to the babe. They said: "How can we talk to one who is a child in the cradle?" He said: "I am indeed a servant of Allah: He hath given me revelation and made me a prophet; And He hath made me blessed wheresoever I be, and hath enjoined on me Prayer and Charity as long as I live; (He) hath made me kind to my mother, and not overbearing or miserable; So peace is on me the day I was born, the day that I die, and the day that I shall be raised up to life (again)"! Such (was) Jesus the son of Mary: (it is) a statement of truth, about which they (vainly) dispute.[21]
The third chapter of this Gospel covers the story of the wise men of the East, which, in some respects, closely follows the version of the story from Matthew. Unlike Matthew, however, this account cites Zoradascht (Zoroaster) as the source of the prophecy that motivated the wise men to seek the infant Jesus.[22]
Two major editions of the Arabic Infancy Gospel have been published. The earlier one was by Heinrich Sike in 1697, based on a manuscript he used from the fifteenth century. The second was by Mario E. Provera using a manuscript from 1299.[23]
3.2.1 Genese des Evangeliums: "Es liegt in zwei arabischen Handschriften vor" translation: "There are two handwritten manuscripts in arabic"
Date: estimated 15th/16th century
3.2.1 Genese des Evangeliums: "Die verschiedenen Handschriften wurden wohl im Raum des heutigen türkischen Kurdistans und des Nordiraks verfaßt und sind gekennzeichnet durch Einflüsse des Korans" // transl. "The several handwritings were composed in the land of (modern day) Turkish Kurdistan and northern Iraq and show influences from the Quran"
All one can say about the possibility of a pre-Islamic, Christian version of the Gospel in Arabic is that no sure sign of its actual existence has yet emerged.
Christianity [...] did not penetrate into the lives of the Arabs primarily because the monks did not translate the Bible into the vernacular and inculcate Arab culture with biblical values and tradition. Trimingham's argument serves as an example of the Western Protestant assumptions outlined in the introduction of this article. The earliest Arabic biblical texts clearly can only be dated to the 9th century at the earliest, that is after the coming of Islam.
The full text ofThe Arabic Gospel of the Infancy of the Saviour at Wikisource, fromAnte-Nicene Fathers volume 8 (1888), edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson in the 1860s–1870s.